To investigate the effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on physiology and autumnal leaf phenology, we exposed 3-year-old sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedlings to 800 (A8), 600 (A6), and 400 μL(CO2) L-1 (AA) in nine continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) chambers during the growing season of 2014. Leaf abscission timing, abscised leaf area percentages, leaf number, light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (PNmax), leaf area, accumulative growth rates, and biomass were determined and assessed. The results suggested the following: (1) no significant differences were found in the timing of leaf abscission in the three CO2-concentration treatments; (2) PNmax was continuously stimulated to the greatest extent in A8 at 319% and 160% in A6 until the end of the growing season, respectively; and (3) leaf number, leaf area, and accumulative height growth all significantly increased by elevated CO2, which led to a 323% increase in A8 biomass and 235% in A6 biomass after 156-d fumigation. In summary, the results suggest, the timing of leaf abscission of sugar maple in fall was not modified by CO2 enrichment, the increased carbon gain by elevated CO2 was mainly due to increased leaf area, more leaves, and the continuously enhanced high photosynthesis throughout the growing season instead of the leaf life span., L. Li, W. J. Manning, X. K. Wang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The review is devoted to the outstanding contributions to the path of carbon in photosynthesis by Professor Emeritus Andrew A. Benson, on the occasion of his death at the age of 97, on January 16, 2015. Benson is the legendary co-discoverer of the photosynthetic reductive pentose phosphate cycle, known to every student of photosynthesis as the Benson-Bassham-Calvin cycle. This pathway evolved into the dominant assimilation mechanism for atmospheric carbon into metabolites. The fundamental ecological and biochemical optimization and evolutionary stability of this mechanism unfolded elegantly in Benson’s hands, as he was the first to recognize the building blocks for the synthesis of essential organic compounds that satisfy the energetic needs and demands of most life forms. Photosynthetic carbon metabolism together with other energy and oxidative reactions and secondary biosynthetic processes are critical for the formation of organic matter; and, thereby, the Benson-Bassham-Calvin cycle ensures maintenance of the biosphere., K. Biel, I. Fomina., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Benzoxazolin-2-(3H)-one (BOA) has been tested in many plants species, but not in soybean (Glycine max). Thus, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to assess the effects of BOA on soybean photosynthesis. BOA reduced net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry without affecting intercellular CO2 concentration or maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry. Results revealed that the reduced stomatal conductance restricted entry of CO2 into substomatal spaces, thus limiting CO2 assimilation. No change found in intercellular CO2 concentration and reduced effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry revealed that CO2 was not efficiently consumed by the plants. Our data indicated that the effects of BOA on soybean photosynthesis occurred due to the reduced stomatal conductance and decreased efficiency of carbon assimilation. The accumulation of BOA in soybean leaves reinforced these findings. and Obsahuje bibliografii
Leaf gas-exchange responses to shadefleck-sunfleck and sun-cloud transitions were determined for in situ Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill plants on the island of Guam to add cycads to the published gymnosperm data. Sequential sunfleck-shadefleck transitions indicated understory leaves primed rapidly but open field leaves primed slowly. Time needed to reach 90% induction of net CO2 assimilation (PN) was 2.9 min for understory leaves and 13.9 min for open field leaves. Leaf responses to sun-cloud transitions exhibited minimal adjustment of stomatal conductance, so PN rapidly returned to precloud values following cloud-sun transitions. Results indicate bi-directional leaf acclimation behavior enables mature C. micronesica trees to thrive in deep understory conditions in some habitats and as emergent canopy trees in other habitats. These data are the first nonconifer gymnosperm data; the speed of gas-exchange responses to rapid light transitions was similar to some of the most rapid angiosperm species described in the literature., T. E. Marler., and Obsahuje bibliografii
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate bioaccumulation and photosynthetic activity response to Cd in sweet sorghum seedlings. The seedlings were treated with 0, 50, and 100 μM Cd for 15 d. Our results showed that morphological characteristics of sweet sorghum were significantly affected by Cd treatments. The Cd concentrations in roots and shoots increased with increasing Cd concentrations in the nutrition solution; higher Cd accumulation was observed in the roots. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic activity decreased significantly and a shape of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence transient in leaves was altered by Cd treatments. The Chl contents in the leaves decreased significantly, which was demonstrated by a change of spectral reflectance. Our data indicated that the higher Cd concentration reduced Chl contents and inhibited electron transport in the leaves, leading to the decrease of photosynthetic activity., Z. C. Xue, J. H. Li, D. S. Li, S. Z. Li, C. D. Jiang, L. A. Liu, S. Y. Wang, W. J. Kang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Globally, water deficit is one of the major constraints in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production due to substantial reduction in photosynthesis. Photorespiration often enhances under stress thereby protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from photoinhibition. Application of bioregulators is an alternative to counter adverse effects of water stress. Thus, in order to analyze the role of bioregulators in protecting the photosynthetic machinery under water stress, we performed an experiment with two contrasting chickpea varieties, i.e., Pusa 362 (Desi type) and Pusa 1108 (Kabuli type). Water deficit stress was imposed at the vegetative stage by withholding water. Just prior to exposure to water stress, plants were pretreated with thiourea (1,000 mg L-1), benzyladenine (40 mg L-1), and thidiazuron (10 mg L-1). Imposed water deficit decreased relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic rate (P N), quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and enhanced lipid peroxidation (LPO). However, bioregulator application maintained higher RWC, P N, Fv/Fm, and lowered LPO under water stress. Expression of Rubisco large subunit gene (RbcL) was low under water stress both in the Kabuli and Desi type. However, bioregulators strongly induced its expression. Although poor expression of two important photorespiratory genes, i.e., glycolate oxidase and glycine decarboxylase H subunit, was observed in Desi chickpea under imposed stress, bioregulators in general and cytokinins in particular strongly induced their expression. This depicts that the application of bioregulators protected the photosynthetic machinery by inducing the expression of RbcL and photorespiratory genes during water deficit stress., T. V. Vineeth, P. Kumar, G. K. Krishna., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
iH026a is a formulation containing a biochemical class of plant growth regulator that modulates glycoconjugation through the plant lectin cycle. While lectins are common to vascular plants, we observed, consistent with reversible binding of sugars from lectins, enhancements of quantities and qualities of various features, including significant enrichment of Brix soluble sugars compared to controls in cherry, grape, and melon in trials conducted in Arizona and California, USA., A. M. Nonomura, A. Pedersen, D. P. Brummel, L. Loveless, A. Lauria, B. Haschemeyer, M. S. McBride, and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Anthropogenic activities and improper uses of phosphate fertilizers have led to an increase in cadmium concentrations in agricultural soils. Brassinosteroids are steroid hormones that are rapidly assimilated and metabolised with beneficial roles in physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Our aim was to ascertain whether exogenous treatment with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) can mitigate the Cd toxicity, and whether this substance can reduce the Cd accumulation in plant tissues. Furthermore, the dose response to EBR was determined following exposure to Cd in Vigna unguiculata. The experiment was a completely randomised factorial design with two concentrations of Cd (0 and 500 μM) and three concentrations of EBR (0, 50, and 100 nM). Spraying plants exposed to Cd with EBR significantly reduced the concentrations of Cd and increased nutrient contents in all tissues. The EBR treatment caused significant enhancements in leaf, root, and total dry matter. Foliar application of EBR reduced the negative effects of Cd toxicity on chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters. Pretreatment with EBR also increased contents of pigments in plants exposed to Cd, compared with the identical treatments without EBR. Cd elevated contents of oxidant compounds, inducing cell damages, while EBR significantly decreased the concentrations of these compounds. We confirmed that EBR mitigated the negative effects related to Cd toxicity, reduced the absorption and transport of Cd, and increased the contents of essential elements. In plants exposed to Cd, the most apparent dose response was found for 100 nM EBR, with beneficial repercussions on growth, gas exchange, primary photosynthetic processes, and photosynthetic pigments, which were intrinsically connected to lower production of oxidant compounds and cell damage., L. R. Santos, B. L. Batista, A. K. S. Lobato., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In order to understand better Cd resistance in soybean, Dongying wild soybean treated with different Cd concentrations were evaluated. The biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) content, leaf color, Chl a fluorescence parameters, photosynthesis parameters, and Cd contents were determined. Our results showed that when Cd concentration was ≤ 2 kg m-3, no significant decrease in biomass, photosynthetic parameters, and maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII was observed. This indicated that Dongying wild soybean resisted Cd toxic effects under such conditions. In addition, atomic absorption experiment results demonstrated that when Cd concentration was ≤ 0.5 kg m-3, the accumulation of Cd in wild soybean was lower in roots than that in shoots, while the accumulation of Cd was higher in roots than that in shoots when Cd concentration was ≥ 1 kg m-3. Therefore, Dongying wild soybean showed a certain resistance to Cd and could serve as a valuable germplasm resource for improving the breeding of
Cd-resistant soybean., L. Liu, Y. K. Shang, L. Li, Y. H. Chen, Z. Z. Qin, L. J. Zhou, M. Yuan, C. B. Ding, J. Liu, Y. Huang, R. W. Yang, Y. H. Zhou, J. Q. Liao., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a metalloenzyme that performs interconversion between CO2 and the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-). CAs appear among all taxonomic groups of three domains of life. Wide spreading of CAs in nature is explained by the fact that carbon, which is the major constituent of the enzyme’s substrates, is a key element of life on the Earth. Despite the diversity of CAs, they all carry out the same reaction of CO2/HCO3- interconversion. Thus, CA obviously represents a universal enzyme of the
carbon-based life. Within the classification of CAs, here we proposed the existence of an extensive family of CA-related proteins (γCA-RPs) - the inactive forms of γ-CAs, which are widespread among the Archaea, Bacteria, and, to a lesser extent, in Eukarya. This review focuses on the history of CAs discovery and integrates the most recent data on their classification, catalytic mechanisms, and physiological roles at various organisms., E. Kupriyanova, N. Pronina, D. Los., and Obsahuje bibliografii