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561. Výzkum neobratlovčích živočichů na Přírodovědecké fakultě Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích

Creator:
Oldřich Nedvěd
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, text, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Biologické vědy, Jihočeská univerzita., Přírodovědecká fakulta, bezobratlí, entomologie, ekologie, přírodovědný výzkum, studium a výuka, ecology, natural science research, entomology, invertebrates, study and teaching, univerzitní výzkum, výzkum bezobratlých, university research, 2, and 57/59
Language:
Czech
Description:
Oldřich Nedvěd.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

562. Výzkum pro praxi: spolupráce Akademie věd ČR a byznysu

Creator:
Olivová, Jana and Matušková, Leona
Format:
print, text, regular print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce, věda a společnost, byznys, science and society, 12, and 00
Language:
Czech
Description:
Bezpečnější provoz na silnicích nebo ekologicky vyčištěné odpadní vody - jen střípek z mozaiky přikladů celého seznamu oblastí, v nichž se uplatňuje spolupráce odborníků z Akademie věd se soukromým sektorem. Za loňský rok bychom napočítali stovky projektů, patentů, expertiz a smluv ústavů Akademie věd s partnery z nejrůznějších odvětví průmyslu, zdravotnictví a zemědělství. and Jana Olivová, Leona Matušková.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

564. Výzkumné centrum Orientálního ústavu na Taiwanu

Creator:
Táňa Dluhošová
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce, Orientální ústav (Akademie věd ČR), orientalistika, vědní politika, intelektuální spolupráce, Orient studies, scientific policy, intellectual cooperation, Tchaj-wan, Taiwan, 12, and 00
Language:
Czech
Description:
The Research Centre of the Oriental Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences at Academia Sinica in Taiwan (RCT) was established on December 3, 2015. It is designed to act as a branch office of the Oriental Institute of the CAS and is intended to serve as a platform facilitating and strengthening academic exchanges between Czech and Taiwanese scholars as well as institutions. The Centre is a part of a long-term interdisciplinary research project entitled Power and Strategies of Social and Political Order. Czech research fellows are expected to participate in conferences and hold colloqiums with their Taiwanese colleagues. In cooperation with the Academia Sinica, the Institute plans to organize annual joint workshops and publish their proceedings. It will concomitantly continue building the network of patner institutions and thus create a solid foundation for further scholarly exchanges. In cooperation with Charles University in Prague it will also support doctoral students wishing to conduct research at the Centre. and Táňa Dluhošová.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

565. Warp-speed adaptation to novel hosts after 300 generations of enforced dietary specialisation in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

Creator:
Price, Thomas N., Leonard, Aoife, and Lancaster, Lesley T.
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, brouci, mandelinkovití, beetles, Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera, Bruchinae, Callosobruchus maculatus, emerging crop pests, host shifts, genetic variation, adaptation trajectory, evolvability, experimental evolution, quasi-natural selection, heritability, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Herbivorous insects are often highly specialised, likely due to trade-offs in fitness on alternative host species. However, some pest insects are extremely adaptable and readily adopt novel hosts, sometimes causing rapid expansion of their host range as they spread from their original host and geographic origin. The genetic basis of this phenomenon is poorly understood, limiting our ability to predict or mitigate global insect pest outbreaks. We investigated the trajectory of early adaptation to novel hosts in a regionally-specialised global crop pest species (the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus). After experimentally-enforced dietary specialisation for nearly 300 generations, we measured changes in fitness over the first 5 generations of adaptation to 6 novel hosts. Of these, C. maculatus reproduced successfully on all but one, with reduced fitness observed on three hosts in the first generation. Loss of fitness was followed by very rapid, decelerating increases in fitness over the first 1-5 generations, resulting in comparable levels of population fitness to that observed on the original host after 5 generations. Heritability of fitness on novel hosts was high. Adaptation occurred primarily via changes in behavioural and phenological traits, and never via changes in offspring survival to adulthood, despite high heritability for this trait. These results suggest that C. maculatus possesses ample additive genetic variation for very rapid host shifts, despite a prolonged period of enforced specialization, and also suggest that some previously-inferred environmental maternal effects on host use may in part actually represent (rapidly) evolved changes. We highlight the need to examine in more detail the genetic architecture facilitating retention of high additive genetic variation for host shifts in extremely adaptable global crop pests., Thomas N. Price, Aoife Leonard, Lesley T. Lancaster., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

566. White plant shoots, wax-producing insects and other white structures made by arthropods: a mimicry complex?

Creator:
Yamazaki, Kazuo
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, vosky, pavouci, waxes, spiders, plant mimicry, anti-herbivore defence, cocoon, entomopathogenic fungus, spider egg sac, spittlebug froth, trichome, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Many insects masquerade as parts of plants, such as bark or leaves, or mimic poisonous organisms in order to defend themselves against predators. However, recent studies indicate that plants may mimic insects and other arthropods to deter herbivores. Here, I report visually similar white structures of plants and arthropods in Japan and suggest they are part of a mimicry complex. Young shoots covered with white trichomes or waxy substances may mimic wax-producing insects, such as woolly aphids, coccids and caterpillars, potentially resulting in reduced herbivory. Since wax-producing insects would reduce plant quality and quantity, be distasteful and attract natural enemies, herbivorous insects and mammals may avoid such white shoots. Furthermore, fungus-infected insects, gregarious braconid cocoons, spider egg sacs and froth made by froghopper nymphs or blasticotomid sawfly larvae are also conspicuously white and impose risks for herbivorous insects. Thus, these white structures may be mimicry models for white shoots and are likely to be part of a defensive mimicry complex. Although this study focuses on defence against herbivores, there are simultaneous physiological roles for white colouration that will not be discussed in depth here., Kazuo Yamazaki., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

568. Za jarní květenou na Maltu

Creator:
Jan Čeřovský
Format:
print
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Botanika, botanika, jarní rostliny, vstavačovité, botany, spring flowers, orchids, Malta, Gozo (Malta), 2, and 58
Language:
Czech
Description:
Během několika uplynulých tisíciletí byla Malta – středozemní souostroví se dvěma velkými a osídlenými ostrovy Malta a Gozo – zcela zbavena lesních porostů s převládajícími borovicí halebskou (Pinus halepensis) a dubem cesmínovitým (Quercus ilex). Současná planě rostoucí vegetace, tvořená převážně degradovanou macchií a formacemi garrigue a frygana, je nyní soustavně potlačována šířícími se sídlišti. Nicméně stojí za to navštívit Maltu a seznámit se s její květenou vyšších rostlin, čítající kolem jednoho tisíce druhů (včetně 36 zajímavých orchidejí), a to zejména v časně jarním období., Malta, a Mediterranean archipelago with two large, inhabited islands, has over the past millennia been totally deprived of forests with dominating Allepo Pine (Pinus halepensis) and Holm Oak (Quercus ilex). The contemporary wild vegetation – mainly of degraded macchia, garrigue and phrygana is being continuously suppressed by urban explosion. Nevertheless, the Maltese wild flora numbering around 1,000 vascular plant species (including 36 interesting orchids) makes a visit to Malta worthwhile, particularly in the early springtime., and Jan Čeřovský.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

570. Za vědeckou pravdou stát: osobnost české genetiky - Jaroslav Kříženecký

Creator:
Marina Hužvárová
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, biography, text, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce, Kříženecký, Jaroslav, 1896-1964, Moravské muzeum (Brno, Česko)., Genetické oddělení, věda a společnost, genetika, science and society, genetics, Mendelianum, 12, and 00
Language:
Czech
Description:
Když jsme vás v minulém čísle Akademického bulletinu provedli nově zrekonstruovanými prostorami brněnského Mendeliana, zmínili jsme jeho počátky jen zběžně. Nyní si tedy připomeňme, že mohlo vzniknout teprve v 60. letech minulého století po období lysenkismu a mičurinské biologie, kdy byla genetika v tehdejším východním bloku považována za „buržoazní pavědu“, a podle toho patří k obětem komunistického režimu i nestor československé genetiky doc. Jaroslav Kříženecký. Právě on stál jako vůdčí osobnost u budování genetického oddělení Gregora J. Mendela v Moravském muzeu. and Marina Hužvárová.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public