An approach to indexical beliefs is presented and defended in the paper. The account is inspired by David Kaplan’s representationalist analysis of de re belief reports. I argue that imposing additional constraints on the Kaplanian notion of representation results in an elegant theory of indexical beliefs. The theory is committed to representations of limited accessibility but is not committed to relativized proposition, special de se contents or propositions of limited accessibility.
Analytical solutions describing the 1D substance transport in streams have many limitations and factors, which determine their accuracy. One of the very important factors is the presence of the transient storage (dead zones), that deform the concentration distribution of the transported substance. For better adaptation to such real conditions, a simple 1D approximation method is presented in this paper. The proposed approximate method is based on the asymmetric probability distribution (Gumbel’s distribution) and was verified on three streams in southern Slovakia. Tracer experiments on these streams confirmed the presence of dead zones to various extents, depending mainly on the vegetation extent in each stream. Statistical evaluation confirms that the proposed method approximates the measured concentrations significantly better than methods based upon the Gaussian distribution. The results achieved by this novel method are also comparable with the solution of the 1D advection-diffusion equation (ADE), whereas the proposed method is faster and easier to apply and thus suitable for iterative (inverse) tasks.
The knowledge of snowpack dynamics is of critical importance to several real-time applications especially in mountain basins, such as agricultural production, water resource management, flood prevention, hydropower generation. Since simulations are affected by model biases and forcing data uncertainty, an increasing interest focuses on the assimilation of snow-related observations with the purpose of enhancing predictions on snowpack state. The study aims at investigating the effectiveness of snow multivariable data assimilation (DA) at an Alpine site. The system consists of a snow energy-balance model strengthened by a multivariable DA system. An Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) scheme allows assimilating ground-based and remotely sensed snow observations in order to improve the model simulations. This research aims to investigate and discuss: (1) the limitations and constraints in implementing a multivariate EnKF scheme in the framework of snow modelling, and (2) its performance in consistently updating the snowpack state. The performance of the multivariable DA is shown for the study case of Torgnon station (Aosta Valley, Italy) in the period June 2012 – December 2013. The results of several experiments are discussed with the aim of analyzing system sensitivity to the DA frequency, the ensemble size, and the impact of assimilating different observations.
The contribution of snow meltwater to catchment streamflow can be quantified through hydrograph separation analyses for which stable water isotopes (18O, 2H) are used as environmental tracers. For this, the spatial and temporal variability of the isotopic composition of meltwater needs to be captured by the sampling method. This study compares an optimized snowmelt lysimeter system and an unheated precipitation collector with focus on their ability to capture snowmelt rates and the isotopic composition of snowmelt. The snowmelt lysimeter system consists of three individual unenclosed lysimeters at ground level with a surface of 0.14 m2 each. The unheated precipitation collector consists of a 30 cm-long, extended funnel with its orifice at 2.3 m above ground. Daily snowmelt samples were collected with both systems during two snowfall-snowmelt periods in 2016. The snowmelt lysimeter system provided more accurate measurements of natural melt rates and allowed for capturing the small-scale variability of snowmelt process at the plot scale, such as lateral meltwater flow from the surrounding snowpack. Because of the restricted volume of the extended funnel, daily melt rates from the unheated precipitation collector were up to 43% smaller compared to the snowmelt lysimeter system. Overall, both snowmelt collection methods captured the general temporal evolution of the isotopic signature in snowmelt.
The paper outlines an epistemic logic based on the proof theory of substructural logics. The logic is a formal model of belief that i) is based on true assumptions (BTA belief) and ii) does not suffer from the usual omniscience properties., Článek nastiňuje epistemickou logiku založenou na důkazové teorii substrukturální logiky. Logika je formálním modelem víry, že i) je založena na pravdivých předpokladech (víra BTA) a ii) netrpí obvyklými vševědoucími vlastnostmi., and Igor Sedlár
This paper deals with the problem of semantic analysis of contexts involving so-called anaphoric chain. The notion of anaphoric chain is explained by way of an example. Afterwards, a semantic analysis of sentences containing anaphora established in Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) is examined. It is demonstrated that it is not adequate for texts including anaphoric chains. An alternative method using TIL that is capable to deal with all kinds of anaphora is proposed. Anyway, one may raise doubts as to whether both approaches are really analyses of anaphorically used expressions., Článek se zabývá problematikou sémantické analýzy kontextů zahrnujících tzv. Anaforický řetězec . Pojem anaforický řetězec je vysvětlen na příkladu. Následně je zkoumána sémantická analýza vět obsahujících anaforu vytvořených v transparentní intenzivní logice (TIL). Je prokázáno, že není vhodný pro texty obsahující anaforické řetězce. Navrhuje se alternativní metoda používající TIL, která je schopna se vypořádat se všemi druhy anafor. V každém případě lze pochybovat, zda jsou oba přístupy skutečně analýzou anaforicky používaných výrazů., and Miloš Kosterec
Several quite severe droughts occurred in Europe in the 21st century; three of them (2003, 2012 and 2015) hit also Slovakia. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were used for assessment of meteorological drought occurrence. The research was established on discharge time series representing twelve river basins in Slovakia within the period 1981–2015. Sequent Peak Algorithm method based on fixed threshold, three parametric Weibull and generalized extreme values distribution GEV, factor and multiple regression analyses were employed to evaluate occurrence and parameters of hydrological drought in 2003, 2011–2012 and 2015, and the relationship among the water balance components. Results showed that drought parameters in evaluated river basins of Slovakia differed in respective years, most of the basins suffered more by 2003 and 2012 drought than by the 2015 one. Water balance components analysis for the entire period 1931–2016 showed that because of contin
In this paper, we deal with sentences containing time references like ''five years ago'', ''three years older'', ''in five seconds''. It turns out that such sentences are pragmatically incomplete, because there is an elliptic reference to a calendar that makes it possible to determine the length of the time interval associated with a time duration like a year, month, day, or to compute the time interval denoted by terms like ''February 29, 2016''. Since Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) takes into account two modal parameters, namely possible worlds of type ω and times of type τ, and this system is particularly apt for the analysis of natural language expressions, our background theory is TIL. Within this system, we define time intervals, calendar time durations, and last but not least a method for adding and multiplying time durations in a way that takes into account the leap days and leap seconds. As sample applications, we analyse two sentences, to wit, ''A year has 365 days'' and ''Adam is 5 years older than Bill''. and V tomto článku se zabýváme věty obsahujícími časové odkazy jako ''před pěti lety'', ''o tři roky starší'', ''za pět sekund''. Ukazuje se, že takové věty jsou pragmaticky neúplné, protože existuje eliptický odkaz na kalendář, který umožňuje určit délku časového intervalu spojeného s časovým obdobím jako rok, měsíc, den nebo vypočítat časový interval označované slovy ''29. února 2016''. Vzhledem k tomu, že Transparentní Intenzivní Logika (TIL) zohledňuje dva modální parametry, jmenovitě možné světy typu ω a časy typu τ, a tento systém je obzvláště vhodný pro analýzu přirozených jazykových výrazů, je naší teorií pozadí TIL. V rámci tohoto systému definujeme časové intervaly, trvání kalendáře, a v neposlední řadě metoda pro přidání a násobení doby trvání způsobem, který bere v úvahu skokové a skokové sekundy. Jako vzorové aplikace analyzujeme dvě věty s názvem ''rok má 365 dní'' a ''Adam je o 5 let starší než Bill''.
This paper proposes a non-trivial definition of the notion of analytic method. Working within the so-called instructional model of method, I distinguish three kinds of instructions which occur in methods: selective, executive, and declarative instructions. I discuss the relation between each of these and the analyticity of a method. Then I define the notions of an analytic use of an instruction and of an analytic instruction, which are at the basis of the proposed definition of an analytic method. Finally, I discuss the issue of circularity in the presented model which arises if we consider a finite agent testing a method for analyticity., Tato práce navrhuje netriviální definici pojmu analytická metoda. V rámci tzv. Instruktážního modelu metody rozlišuji tři druhy instrukcí, které se vyskytují v metodách: selektivní, exekutivní a deklarativní . Diskutuji o vztahu mezi každou z nich a analytičnosti metody. Dále definuji pojmy analytického použití instrukce a analytické instrukce , které jsou základem navrhované definice analytické metody. Závěrem se zabývám otázkou kruhovitosti v prezentovaném modelu, která vzniká, pokud uvažujeme konečný agent testující metodu analyticity., and Miloš Kosterec