Open area rainfall and throughfall measurements in the Western Tatra Mountains (altitude about 1500 m a.s.l.) made by tipping bucket gauges were used to estimate the usefulness of the short-time data in analysis of spruce interception. The 10-minute data from period 13 May-13 October 2009 did not reveal meaningful correlations between the open area rainfall and throughfall. Aggregated measurements representing individual rainfall events were more useful. They showed linear relationship between open area rainfall and throughfall for events with total rainfall depth in the open area exceeding 5 mm. Correlation between open area rainfall and throughfall for rainfall events with duration above 120 minutes was significantly better than for the shorter ones. Mean values of interception (percentage of open area rainfall which did not appear in throughfall) of individual rainfall events was high. When we excluded events for which throughfall was higher than the open area rainfall, mean interception for larger and longer rainfall events was 46% and 48%, respectively. For smaller (runoff depth below 5 mm) and shorter events (duration below 2 hours) the mean interception was 70% and 72%, respectively. However, the data revealed very high variability of interception. and Príspevok sa zaoberá hodnotením užitočnosti krátkodobých meraní zrážok na otvorenej ploche a v smrekovom lese pri určovaní intercepcie. Vychádza z merania zrážok preklápacími zrážkomermi v Západných Tatrách v nadmorskej výške okolo 1500 m n.m. Desaťminútové údaje merané v období 13.5.- 13.10.2009 neposkytli použiteľné korelácie medzi dažďom na otvorenej ploche a v lese. Lepšie výsledky boli získané pre sumárne úhrny zrážok pre jednotlivé dažde. Ak úhrn dažďa na voľnej ploche prekročil približne 5 mm, veľkosť podkorunových zrážok rástla lineárne s veľkosťou zrážok na voľnej ploche. Korelácia medzi zrážkami na voľnej ploche a v lese pre dažde s dĺžkou trvania nad 120 minút bola podstatne lepšia, ako pre kratšie dažde. Priemerná hodnota intercepcie (vyjadrenej ako percento zrážok na voľnej ploche, ktoré sa neobjavilo v lese) pre jednotlivé zrážkové udalosti bola vysoká. Po vylúčení udalostí, pre ktoré bol v lese nameraný vyšší úhrn zrážok ako na voľnej ploche, bola priemerná intercepcia pre väčšie dažďe 46 % a pre dlhšie dažde 48 %. Pre menšie (úhrn pod 5 mm) a kratšie (trvanie pod 2 hodiny) dažde bola priemerná intercepcia 70 % a 72%. Hodnoty intercepcie pre jednotlivé udalosti však mali veľkú variabilitu.
The paper summarises experience with runoff modelling in mountain catchment of the Jalovecky creek, Western Tatra Mountains, Slovakia, using TOPMODEL. The work was focused on runoff reproduction and estimation of areal extent of saturated areas, both with different time steps of input meteorological data (hourly or daily) and grid size of input digital elevation model (DEM). Simulations with the daily data from summer months 1988-1993 provided slightly overestimated runoff and saturated areas reached up to 5-19% of catchment area (for the DEM grid size of 10 m). Model parameters for each season were invariant. Hourly input data provided more heterogeneous results. Runoff reproduction was best for single long flood events and model parameters for different events varied. Saturated areas for the DEM grid size of 10 m varied between 1.1 and 10.8% of catchment area. The grid size did not influence runoff reproduction. The change of DEM resolution affected only the surface/subsurface flow ratio and, consequently areal extent of saturated areas. Modelled saturated areas cumulated along the main stream network. High modelled contribution of subsurface runoff to total catchment runoff was in accordance with the results of hydrograph separations. Field measurements of soil moisture in the upper soil layer indicated important role of vegetation (forest) which was not considered by the model. and V príspevku sme zhrnuli skúsenosti s matematickým zrážkovoodtokovým modelom TOPMODEL pri modelovaní odtoku v horskom povodí Jaloveckého potoka v Západných Tatrách. Zaujímala nás najmä schopnosť modelu reprodukovať odtok z horského povodia a predpovedať plošný rozsah nasýtených oblastí pri rôznom časovom kroku vstupných údajov a rôznej veľkosti štvorca siete digitálneho modelu reliéfu. Pri simulácii odtoku s dennými vstupnými údajmi za letné mesiace rokov 1988-1993 bol modelovaný odtok mierne nadhodnotený a nasýtené oblasti pri štvorci siete 10 m predstavovali maximálne 5-19 % plochy povodia. Parametre modelu v jednotlivých rokoch nebolo potrebné meniť. Pri práci s hodinovými údajmi boli výsledky rôznorodejšie. Lepšia zhoda meraného a simulovaného odtoku bola dosiahnutá pri dlhšie trvajúcich vlnách a parametre modelu boli pre rôzne vlny rôzne. Pre rôzne vlny kolísal maximálny rozsah nasýtených oblastí pri štvorci siete 10 m od 1,1 do 10,8 % plochy povodia. Veľkosť štvorca siete nemala vplyv na simuláciu celkového odtoku z povodia a prejavila sa len na pomere povrchového a podpovrchového odtoku a následne na rozsahu nasýtených oblasti. Modelované nasýtené oblasti sa vyskytujú v blízkosti riečnej siete. Vyhodnotenie meraní vlhkostí pôdy v povodí poukazuje na značný vplyv vegetácie. Keďže v predkladanej práci bola použitá verzia modelu, ktorá neobsahuje simulácie procesov v nadzemných častiach prostredia, bolo simulované rozdelenie nasýtených oblastí v lesnatých častiach povodia modelom odlišné od rozdelenia zisteného priamym pozorovaním v povodí. Vysoký podiel modelovaného podpovrchového odtoku v celkovom odtoku bol potvrdený aj separáciou odtoku pomocou prírodných izotopov.
Extensive lowland floodplains cover substantial parts of the glacially formed landscape of Northern Germany. Stream power is recognized as a force of formation and development of the river morphology and an interaction system between channel and floodplain. In order to understand the effects of the river power and flood power, HEC-RAS models were set up for ten river sections in the Upper Stör catchment, based on a 1 m digital elevation model and field data, sampled during a moderate water level period (September, 2011), flood season (January, 2012) and dry season (April, 2012). The models were proven to be highly efficient and accurate through the seasonal roughness modification. The coefficients of determination (R2 ) of the calibrated models were 0.90, 0.90, 0.93 and 0.95 respectively. Combined with the continuous and long-term data support from SWAT model, the stream power both in-channel and on the floodplain was analysed. Results show that the 10-year-averaged discharge and unit stream power were around 1/3 of bankfull discharge and unit power, and the 10-year-peak discharge and unit stream power were nearly 1.6 times the bankfull conditions. Unit stream power was proportional to the increase of stream discharge, while the increase rate of unit in-channel stream power was 3 times higher than that of unit stream power on the floodplain. Finally, the distribution of the hydraulic parameters under 10-years-peak discharge conditions was shown, indicating that only 1-10% of flow stream was generated by floodplain flow, but 40-75% volume of water was located on the floodplain. The variation of the increasing rate of the stream power was dominated by the local roughness height, while the stream power distributed on the floodplain mainly depended on the local slope of the sub-catchment.
The potential impact of climate change on the mean monthly runoff in the upper Hron River basin, which was chosen as a representative mountainous region in Central Slovakia, was evaluated. A conceptual hydrological balance model calibrated with data from the period 1971-2000 was used for modelling changes in runoff with monthly time steps. Changes in climate variables in the future were expressed by two different climate change scenarios developed within the framework of the CECILIA (Central and Eastern Europe Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability Assessment) project. The climate change scenarios were constructed using the pattern scaling method from the outputs of transient simulations made by 2 GCMs - ECHAM4/OPYC3 and HadCM2 (Dubrovský et al., 2005). The runoff change scenarios for the selected basin in the future time horizons of 2025, 2050 and 2100 show changes in the runoff distribution within a year. Changes in the seasonal runoff distribution were compared with previous results (Danihlík et al., 2004), which were achieved with climate change scenarios developed from the outputs of the CCCM97 and GISS98 global circulation models. and Článok sa zaoberá skúmaním vplyvu možnej zmeny klímy na sezónne rozdelenie odtoku na povodí horného Hrona. Na modelovanie priemerných mesačných prietokov bol použitý koncepčný model hydrologickej bilancie v mesačnom kroku, s parametrami kalibrovanými na referenčné obdobie 1971-2000. Zmeny klimatických charakteristík boli vyjadrené podľa 2 klimatických scenárov, spracovaných pre povodie horného Hrona v rámci projektu 6 RP CECILIA (Central and Eastern Europe Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability Assessment). Klimatické scenáre boli spracované na základe výstupov tranzietných simulácií 2 globálnych cirkulačných modelov ECHAM4/OPYC3 a HadCM2 (Dubrovský et al., 2005) pre budúce časové horizonty 2025, 2050 a 2100. Podľa hydrologických scenárov priemerných mesačných prietokov možno v budúcnosti na povodí horného Hrona predpokladať zmeny sezónneho rozdelenia odtoku. Predpokladané zmeny sezónneho rozdelenia odtoku sú konzistentné s výsledkami dosiahnutými v predchádzajúcich prácach (Danihlík et al., 2004), v ktorých boli hydrologické scenáre odtoku na povodí horného Hrona spracované na základe klimatických scenárov, založených na výstupoch globálnych cirkulačných modelov CCCM97 a GISS98.
The extreme rainfall events in Central and East Europe on August 2002 rise the question, how other basins would respond on such rainfall situations. Such theorisation helps us to arrange in advance the necessary activity in the basin to reduce the consequence of the assumed disaster. The aim of the study is to recognise a reaction of the Uh River basin (Slovakia, Ukraine) to the simulated catastrophic rainfall events from August 2002. Two precipitation scenarios, sc1 and sc2, were created. The first of them was based on August’s precipitation from Ybbs (Austria), the second one was based on precipitation from south Bohemia. The rainfall-runoff model HBV-light was used to simulate average daily discharge. Observed daily precipitation in each August during the period 1990-1999 was replaced by these two scenarios and the daily discharges were simulated in Lekárovce gauging station. Peak discharges were computed from the daily averages according to the empirical relationship. In last step, a selection of the best theoretical distribution function of the annual maximum discharge was done using Qmax data series from the period 1931-2001. and Extrémne zrážkové udalosti z augusta 2002 v strednej a východnej Európe vyvolali otázku, ako by na podobné zrážkové situácie reagovali iné povodia. Takéto teoretické simulácie poskytujú možnosť eliminovať dôsledky extrémnych hydrologických situácií. Cieľom tejto štúdie je poznať reakciu povodia rieky Uh (Slovensko, Ukrajina) na prípadnú katastrofickú zrážkovo-odtokovú situáciu, aká bola v auguste 2002. Pre simuláciu extrémnych zrážkovo-odtokových situácií boli vytvorené dva katastrofické scenáre sc1 a sc2. Prvý scenár bol určený na základe zrážkových úhrnov nameraných v Rakúska (Ybbs) a druhý na základe zrážkových úhrnov nameraných v južných Čechách počas augusta 2002. Na simuláciu priemerných denných prietokov bol použitý model HBV-light. Merané denné zrážky v každom mesiaci august počas obdobia 1990-1999 boli zmenené podľa týchto scenárov. Následne boli simulované priemerné denné prietoky v stanici Uh-Lekárovce modelom HBV-light. Vrcholové prietoky boli počítané z denných priemerov vzhľadom na odvodené empirické vzťahy. V poslednom kroku štúdie bola vybratá najvhodnejšia teoretická distribučná funkcia maximálnych ročných prietokov použitím ročných Qmax z obdobia 1931-2001.
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of different vegetation on the distribution of rainfall (due to throughfall and stemflow), water regime, and Al and SO4 2- leaching from forest soils. The water flow and Al and SO4 2- transport were modeled using HYDRUS-1D. The study was performed at two elevation transects on the Paličník and Smědava Mountain in Jizera mountains. Podzols and Cambisols were prevailing soil units in this area. It was shown that the effect of the precipitation redistribution on water regime was considerable in the beech forest, while it was almost negligible in the spruce forest. Redistribution of precipitation under trees caused runoff (in one case), increased water discharge through the soil profile bottom, reduction of water storage in the soil, and thus reduction of root water uptake. Simulated Al leaching from the soil profile was determined mainly by the initial Al content in the soil profile bottom. Leaching of SO4 2- was mainly determined by its initial content in the soil and to a lesser extent by redistributed precipitation and SO4 2- deposition.
This study is focused on the snowmelt runoff simulations for the upper Hron basin using dte degree-day approach of the SRM model. Our effort was directed at the determination and selection of input data and model parameters using GIS tools. The aim of this paper was to simulate the snowmelt runoff using only regularly measured data, without their special pre-processing. Comparison between measured and computed runoff indicates that the SRM model could be used for the snowmelt runoff simulation for the upper Hron basin. Results for the smaller upper Telgart subbasin were not so acceptable, because of lack of representative input data, which is essential for the determination of the snow depletion curve. and Práca je venovaná simulácii odtoku zo snehu pre povodie horného Hrona s využitím modelu odtoku zo snehu - SRM. Hlavným cieľom práce bolo posúdiť a otestovať možnosti výberu a určenia vstupných údajov a kalibrácie parametrov do modelu SRM s využitím dát pravidelne meraných v sieti meteorologických staníc. Z výsledkov vyplýva, že SRM veľmi dobre simuluje prietok pre povodie horného Hrona ako celku. Simulácia pre povodie horného Hrona rozdeleného na dve výškové zóny, a najmä pre čiastkové povodie Hrona po Telgárt, nedosiahla akceptovateľné výsledky. Tento fakt spôsobili najmä nedostatečné vstupné údaje. Kritickým sa ukázali najmä vstupné informácie o priestorovom rozložení snehovej pokrývky.
Groundwater flow in surroundings of water structures is frequently noted for singularities in velocity field. These are induced by high gradients of velocity and pressure in closeness of slots and edges in structures. The study does analysis of some hydrodynamic properties of the singularities and warns against its possible incorrect model simulation. and Prúdenie podzemnej vody v okolí hydrotechnických stavieb ako sú potrubia, tunely, nádrže a plavebné komory sa často vyznačuje zvláštnosťami (singularitami) v rýchlostných poliach. Tie sú vyvolávané vysokými gradientami rýchlosti a tlaku v okolí netesností objektov, alebo ich núteným obtekaním. Štúdia analyzuje hydrodynamické vlastnosti týchto singularít a upozorňuje na dôsledky ich prípadne nesprávnej interpretácie.
In arid and semiarid regions where water is the main limiting factor, water redistribution is regarded as an important hydrological process of great ecological value. By providing additional water to certain loci, moist pockets of great productivity are formed, characterized by high plant biomass and biological activity. These moist pockets are often a result of runon. Yet, although runoff may take place on semi-flat undulating surfaces, runoff measurements are thus far confined to slopes, where a sufficient gradient facilitates downslope water harvesting. On undulating surfaces of mounds and depressions, such as in interdunes, no quantification of the amount of water reaching depressions is feasible due to the fact that no reliable method for measuring the runoff amounts in semi-flat terrains is available. The current paper describes specific runoff plots, designed to measure runoff in depressions (sinks). These plots, termed sink plots (SPs), were operative in the Hallamish dunefield (Negev Desert, Israel). The paper presents measurements of runoff yield that were carried out between January 2013 and January 2014 on SPs and compared them to runoff obtained from crusted slope plots and fine-grained (playa) surfaces. The potential hydrological and ecological implications of water redistribution within semi-flat terrains for this and other arid ecosystems are discussed.
Water erosion has been recognized as a major soil degradation process worldwide. This is of special relevance in the semi-arid areas of South Bulgaria with long periods of drought along with severe rainfall events. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of Bromus innermis L. and Lotus corniculatus L. for soil protection purposes under different site conditions. The site parameters considered were slope, fertilization and a range of soil physical parameters. The plant parameters were canopy cover, biomass, and root morphological characteristics. The experiment includes plots without and with eleven rates of NPK fertilization on gentle (6o ) and steep slopes (12o ). It was observed that the effect of fertilization on shoot and root growth was stronger on the gentle than on the steep slopes. The biomass accumulation was more sensitive to N than the PK fertilizer applications. The increase of the root density with increasing fertilization rates was more pronounced for the mass than for length or surface area. A significant effect on root diameter was found only for the variants with the highest N application. Treatments with the highest root mass density on both slopes showed the greatest potential for reducing erosion.