The contribution explores the Prague origines of the first Prague and Austrian female author of the Enlightenment, Maria Anna Sager, born Rosskoschny (1719-1805). The reconstruction of the carreer of her father Anton Ferdinand Rosskoschny (1679-1734) at the Böhmische Statthalterei - he ended as "Registrator" and "Expeditor" - proves his social ambitions. On the other hand egodocuments of him conserved in the National Archives at Prague reveal the sorrows and the "stress" of the wellestablished fonctioner, not only his fear in front of the people, but also for his reputation, his family and his soul., Helga Meise., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
In the War of the Austrian Succession one of the major turning points was when Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia, because this step strengthened the power of the Houseof Habsburg in Central Europe. For people who belonged to the Reformed Church in the Kingdom of Hungary, this meant that they had to live their lives under the rule of a Catholic monarch. Debrecen was the centre of the Reformed Church and the city prepared for this political situation: pastor Mihály Komáromi H. delivered a special sermon to celebrate the coronation. In this sermon he acknowledged the fact that the Habsburgs had right to the Hungarian throne and tried to use this political advantage to improve the situation of the Reformed Church. This sermon became so popular that a manuscript was made from it and it was a popular reading in the Reformed congregations of the countryside., Ádám Hegyi., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Tato studie ukazuje, že s ohledem na stále intenzivnější účast Spojených států v regionálních záležitostech Zakavkazska se vztahy mezi Ruskem a Gruzií permanentně zhoršovaly již od podzimu 2001, kdy tento proces nabíral na obrátkách. V tomto smyslu nebyla směrodatná ani změna vlády v Gruzii, kdy koncem roku 2003 v důsledku „revoluce růží“ byl nucen rezignovat umírněný prezident Eduarda Ševardnadzeho, bývalý sovětský ministr zahraničí, a moci se chopil proamerický politik Micheil Saakašvili, který si za cíl asertivní zahraniční politiky země stanovil vstup země do Severoatlantické aliance a Evropské unie – v souladu se společenskými náladami panujícími v gruzínské společnosti a se svým celkovým směřováním. Autor konkrétně sleduje, jak se toto zhoršování vztahů odvíjelo v souvislosti se spory o pronikání a likvidaci protiruských islamistických ozbrojenců na území Gruzie, o přítomnost a odstraňování ruských vojenských základen v Gruzii a v sepětí s masivní americkou vojenskou pomocí gruzínské vládě. Dokládá tak, že krátkou válku mezi Moskvou a Tbilisi v roce 2008 je nutno vnímat spíše jako logickou kulminaci delší dobu trvajícího a eskalujícího konfliktu mezi Tbilisi a Moskvou; konfliktu, který byl podmíněn spíše strukturálními než osobnostními důvody a ve kterém žádná z obou stran neprojevila ochotu ustoupit ze svých pozic. Za těchto okolností bylo spíše otázkou času, kdy „diplomatická válka“ vyústí v ozbrojené střetnutí. and Emil Souleimanov.
This study examines osteological remains from an urban Medieval settlement in Brno. Plots at Dominikánská and Kobližná streets and the organization of meat supplies in Brno city in the High Middle Ages were investigated. Evidence for 21 animal species was found with the dominant source of meat coming from cattle and the proportion of poultry increasing in the 15th century. The age structure of slaughter animals and anatomical composition corresponds to normal conditions in Czech, German and Polish territories. Development of the butchery trade could be linked with municipal cities. Butchers‘ guild in Brno took its statute in the 14th century and animals were slaughtered in dedicated slaughterhouses. Occasional fishing also took place. The meat was sold in established meat shops as well as specialised marketplaces., Miriam Nývltová Fišáková, Rudolf Procházka, Zdeňka Sůvová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
A major reform in the reign of Joseph II was the establishment in 1786 of the provincial building directorates, through which the court aimed to regulate all public building works in the monarchy. Although the original aim of unifying building regulations throughout the realm was never achieved, the reform was a success and remained in force, with a few minor amendments, until the revolutionary year of 1848. One reason for its success was the elite corps of civil engineers who staffed these institutions. This study looks at advances in technical education, especially engineering, in the Habsburg monarchy from the beginning of the 18th century and the emergence of the Collegia Nobilia, or elite colleges, where graduates were prepared for a career in the Imperial Army. Besides military architecture, the colleges also taught the fundamentals of civil engineering, turning out some of the best‐trained creators of early modern architecture. The development and nature of this elite engineering training is examined with reference to the engineering academies of Prague, Vienna and Olomouc. In all three cases we stress the colleges’ status within the state framework, and their evolution in the light of changing official doctrine and methods of instruction. In all three cases it is clear that during the latter half of the 18th century the original ‘aristocratic’ colleges began to decline and were slowly replaced by similar state‐controlled establishments. As a first step, the court of Joseph II introduced a specialized course in practical architecture at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. From around 1800 this model was gradually superseded by the progressive French‐style polytechnic, a modified version of which remains the standard model for technical education to this day., Michal Konečný., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Thirteen deniers and obols from the 10th-12th centuries and one Roman coin were discovered at Staré zámky hillfort. The coins were from the time of Czech prince Boleslav II., king Vladislav II. and three Hungarian kings from the 11th and 12th centuries. The collection consists of several fake (imitation) deniers from the end of the 10th century. In addition, two weights were found within the hillfort-area. This article focuses on the 10th century coins. An increasing number of fake denier finds suggests that these coins were probably minted in Moravia by the locals., Jan Videman., Německé resumé., and Obsahuje seznam literatury