Women with a positive history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) face a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome later in life. The higher risk of these metabolic complications is closely associated with adipose tissue. In this review, the importance of adipose tissue is discussed in relation to GDM, focusing on both the quantity of fat deposits and the metabolic activity of adipose tissue in particular periods of life: neonatal age, childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy followed by nursing. Preventive measures based on body composition and lifestyle habits with special attention to the beneficial effects of breastfeeding are also discussed., D. Vejrazkova, M. Vankova, P. Lukasova, J. Vcelak, V. Cirmanova, M. Haluzik, B. Bendlova., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Text se zabývá konceptem nejvyššího ohrožení, který patří mezi nejzajímavější a nejprovokativnější problémy teorie spravedlivé a nespravedlivé války. V prvé části se nejprve pokouší osvětlit postavení konceptu nejvyššího ohrožení ve standardní teorii spravedlivé války. Poté provádí rekonstrukci klíčových argumentů konceptu nejvyššího ohrožení v pojetí M. Walzera. Tato rekonstrukce má umožnit pochopit, co vlastně stav nejvyššího ohrožení znamená, a současně má osvětlit pozadí normativních dilemat, jimž za této situace čelí političtí vůdci. Ve druhé části se zabývá Walzerovým pojetím konceptu „špinavých rukou“, které nabízí několik možných interpretací těchto normativních dilemat. Ve třetí části autor nejprve rekapituluje výsledky dosavadních diskusí v rámci standardní teorie spravedlivé války a ukazuje, že v současné době existují tři základní způsoby hodnocení legitimity cíleného ohrožování či vraždění nevinných civilistů za stavu nejvyššího ohrožení. V závěrečné části se pokouší prokázat, že toto morálně a legálně neospravedlnitelné vraždění lze za jistých výjimečných okolností pouze omluvit. Tuto omluvu však lze zdůvodnit jen za předpokladu, že se v rámci konceptu nejvyššího ohrožení podaří spojit koncept špinavých rukou s konceptem občanské neposlušnosti na pozadí nějaké koncepce globální spravedlnosti, globálního konstitucionalismu a globálního vládnutí., The text deals with the concept of the supreme emergency which is one of the most interesting and provocative problems of the theory of just and unjust wars. In the first part an attempt is made to shed light on the status of the concept of the supreme emergency in terms of the standard theory of just war. Then a reconstruction of the key arguments of the concept of the supreme emergency is undertaken according to the conception of M. Walzer. This reconstruction should enable us to understand what the state of supreme emergency actually means, and at the same time to shed light on the background of normative dilemmas which political leaders confront in this situation. In the second part Walzer’s conception of the concept of “dirty hands” is discussed, a conception which offers several possible interpretations of these normative dilemmas. In the third part the author first recapitulates the results of the foregoing discussions in the framework of the standard theory of just war, and he then shows that in contemporary times there exist three basic ways of evaluating the legitimacy of treating intentional threatening behaviour or the murder of innocent civilians as supreme emergency. In the final part an attempt is made to show that morally and legally unjustifiable murder can be only excused in certain exceptional cirmcumstances. This excusing can, however, be justified only on the assumption that, in the framework of the concept of the supreme emergency, a connection is possible between the concept of dirty hands and the concept of civil obedience against the background of some conception of global justice, global consitutionalism and global governance., Josef Velek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Using the FLAC3D numerical simulation method, the characteristics of mining stress evolution, fault activation patterns, and fault energy evolution characteristics are simulated and analyzed in the process of the footwall and hanging wall working face heading to a normal fault. The study shows that the fault cut off the mining stress propagation of overlying strata, and the stress blocking effect due to the fault is evident. When working faces head towards a fault, the abutment pressure and the vertical stress of the surrounding rock increase first and subsequently decrease. The abutment pressure of the coal wall and fault is highest when the distances to the fault are 40 m and 30 m for the footwall and hanging wall working faces, respectively. Moreover, the hanging wall mining stress is higher than the footwall mining stress. Fault activation in high-located strata precedes that in low-located strata when working faces head towards the normal fault. Energy is gradually accumulated before unstable fault events take place because of mining, and fault instability quickly releases a lot of energy. The mining stress concentration and fault activation due to faults easily result in rock bursts and mine seismicity, Wu Quan-sen, Jiang Li-shuai and Wu Quan-lin., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Článek se dělí na dvě části. V první se autor zabývá teoriemi subjektu Alaina Badioua a Slavoje Žižka, které lze považovat za teorie překračující horizont postmoderní situace. Alain Badiou spojuje teorii subjektu se svou matematizovanou ontologií, která mu dává možnost chápat subjekt jako prvek nezačlenitelný do „situace“ (daného způsobu prezentace „mnohostí“). Subjekt je procedura pravdy, která se zakládá na věrnosti pravdě-události. Slavoj Žižek, vycházející z Jacquesa Lacana, formuluje teorii subjektu opřenou o ontologii, jež vykazuje některé podobnosti s ontologií Badiouovou. Působí v ní Reálno, které vytváří mezery a prázdná místa v daném symbolickém řádu. Subjekt vzniká vstupem do Reálna, který je spojen s překřížením fantasmatu (traversé du fantasme), jež subjekt zbavuje jeho substance (identity, ustálené organizace vědomí a sebeprožívání), a subjekt pak vystupuje jako prázdno. Autor se pak pokouší pojmenovat, čím tyto teorie prolamují postmoderní situaci, a zároveň se snaží postihnout jejich problematické rysy. V druhé části článku autor rozvíjí teorii subjektu, která vychází z tohoto prolomení postmoderní situace, ale snaží se tyto problematické rysy překonat. Autor využívá Althusserovu koncepci symptomálního čtení a latentního obsahu. Ty propojuje s Lacanovým a Žižkovým pojmem symbolického řádu a latentní obsah dosazuje na místo Reálna. To mu umožňuje pojmout symbolický řád z hlediska jeho dynamiky a změn (historizace symbolického řádu). Při rozvíjení teorie subjektu se opírá o Bachelardovo pojetí vědeckého subjektu jako procesu očišťování od představ vznikajících v přirozeném světě. Tímto způsobem dospívá k pojmu subjekt-idea, který pak klade vedle subjektu spjatého s fyzickým bytím a subjektu poznání. Subjekt poznání se ustavuje jako trojí pohyb: jako pohyb ve vztahu k subjektu spjatému s fyzickým bytím, jako pohyb ve vztahu k subjektu-ideji a jako pohyb ve vztahu k latentnímu obsahu symbolického řádu. V závěru článku pak autor na základě Hegelova výkladu daimonion ukazuje, že archetypem subjektu poznání je Sókratés., The article has two parts. In the first, the author is concerned with the theories of the subject in the work of Alain Badiou and Slavoj Žižek which can be understood as theories that go beyond the horizon of the post-modern situation. Alain Badiou links his theory of the subject to his mathematised ontology which opens up the possibility of understanding the subject as an element that cannot be incorporated into a “situation” (of a given mode of presentation of “plurality”). The subject is a procedure of truth which is founded on fidelity to the truth-event. Slavoj Žižek, taking his lead from Jacques Lacan, formulates a theory of the subject grounded in an ontology which shows some similarities with the ontology of Badiou. The Real is active in this theory, creating gaps and empty spaces in the given symbolic order. The subject originates from an entry into the Real stemming from the crossing of the phantasm (traversé du fantasme), the subject of which divests itself of its substance (identity, enduring organisation of consciousness and self-experiencing) and emerges as a void. The author then attempts to pinpoint how these theories break out of the post-modern situation and also points to their problematic features. In the second part of the article a theory of the subject is developed which is informed by a breaking-free from the post-modern situation, but which attempts to overcome these problematic features. The author exploits Althusser’s conception of a symptomatic reading and a latent content. He connects these with Lacan’s and Žižek’s concept of a symbolic order and instead of the Real he substitutes latent content. This enables him to conceive the symbolic order from the point of view of dynamics and change. In this development of the theory of the subject support is found in Bachelard’s conception of the scientific subject as a process of purging the images that arise in the natural world. In this way we arrive at the concept of the subject-idea, which then posits, in addition to the subject bound up with physical being, a subject of knowledge. The subject of knowledge establishes itself as a threefold movement: as a movement in relation to the subject bound up with physical being; as a movement in relation to the subject-idea; and as a movement in relation to the latent content of the symbolic order. In conclusion it is shown, on the basis of Hegel’s interpretation of the daimonion, that the archetype of the subject of knowledge is Socrates., and Michael Hauser.
The Algatech Centre, which is a scientific division of the Institute of Microbiology of the CAS located in the Opatovický mlýn (mill) near Třeboň in South Bohemia, focuses on the research of photosynthetic microorganisms, including algae, cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacteria. The Laboratory of algal biotechnology studies processes and technology involved in the efficient production of algae and the use of algal biomass. It seeks new bio-active compounds in algae to be used as dietary supplements, in pharmacology and biomedicine. Scientists also carry our research into various metabolites of cyanobacteria and their effects on human cells. Special interest is paid to substances inhibiting the division of cancer cells and/or selectively inducing their apoptosis. The Laboratory of anoxygenic phototrophs is engaged in the basic research of evolutionary very old prokaryotes containing photosynthetic reaction centres composed of bacteriochlorophyll and its researchers have recently discovered an entirely new photosynthetic species - a new family of phototrophic bacteria, i.e. bacteria capable of producing energy through photosynthesis. Only three new families of phototrophic bacteria were discovered over the past 100 years.The Laboratory of cell cycles of algae aims at gaining a deeper insight into molecular mechanisms regulating the specific cells cycle in green algae hat divide by multiple fission - that is divide into more than two daughter cells. Scientists´ objective is to leam more about the regulation of cell size and division, the activity of cyclin dependant kinase and cyclin dependant kinase complexes throughout the normal cell cycle as well as their role in the cell cycle interruption in case of DNA damage. The pattern of cell cycle progression in algae can also tell us more about animal embryos, since the early phases of their growth and development are controlled by similar principles as those in green algae., The Laboratory of photosynthesis studies fundamental biochemical and molecular mechanisms regarding photosynthesis, the ways of its regulation during the day or under specific stress conditions. Special attention is paid particularly to photosystem II and researchers in the laboratory have recently made a significant step towards understanding its biogenesis. Photosystem II is a complicated protein complex present in the cells of plants, algae and cyanobacteria, the proper functioning of which is essential for photosynthesis. Research teams from the Algatech centre, together with colleagues from British universities have described the first phases of photosystem II synthesis, namely the mechanism by which chlorophyll molecules are inserted into core proteins of photosystem IIand how the functional core of this complex is assembled. Moreover, they have recently presented a substantially new view of repair mechanisms of photosystem II and the ways of recognition of its damaged protein subunits that have to be degraded and replaced. Deepening the understanding of fundamental processes in algae, cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacteria can help use their potential in many practical applications, from biomass and biofuels to medicine., and Jana Olivová.
In this study we concentrate on the reasons for the focus on the therapeutical potential of philosophy in the current period. Among the key causes of the renewed and growing interest in the therapeutical perception of philosophy we give special weight to opportunities stemming from the development of interdisciplinarity and the ever-closer relations of philosophy with certain therapeutical approaches, as well as the confrontation of philosophy with socio-economic and utilitarian pressures in society and the problematising of the task and justification of philosophy in the context of other scientific enterprises. In the study we attempt to indicate some therapeutical aspects of philosophy and philosophising (such as the satisfying function of knowledge, the satisfying aspect of caring about and sharing problems with others, together with the need for the practical application of the findings and the practical aspect of wisdom), which predispose philosophy to the development of its therapeutical potential of philosophy as therapy by thought., Andrej Démuth., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii