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Start Over Rights policy:public Subject 6 Subject Nobelova cena (ocenění)

55. Nobelova cena za fyziku v roku 2016 z oblasti fyziky kondenzovanej fázy: D. J. Thouless, F. D. M. Haldane a J. M. Kosterlitz ocenení za teoretické objavy topologických fázových prechodov a topologických fáz hmoty

Creator:
Orendáčová, Alžbeta, Gabáni, Slavomír, and Orendáč, Martin
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Subject:
Thouless, David James, Kosterlitz, John Michael, Haldane, Frederick Duncan M., Nobelova cena (ocenění), fyzika, Nobel Prizes, condensed matter physics, fyzika kondenzovaného stavu, topologické fázové přechody, topologické fáze hmoty, topological phase transitions, topological phse of matter, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
This year’s Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for work in the field of condensed matter physics. The winning Laureate’s pioneering work from the early 1970s and 1980s opened up ways for new and exotic phases of matter, based on the concept of topology, previously used only in mathematics. D. J. Thouless and J. M. Kosterlitz theoretically predicted the existence of unconventional phase transitions in two-dimensional systems. These topological transitions occur at finite temperatures and are governed by dissociation of pairs of nanoscopic topological objects. This scenario explained the mechanism of phase transitions in two-dimensional magnets as well as the occurrence of superconductivity and superfluidity in thin films. F. D. M. Haldane discovered how topological concepts can be used to understand ground-state properties of magnetic chains with integer spin, which belong to the so-called Haldane phase. Another example, which has recently gained a lot of attention, is a topological insulator, a material with non-trivial topological order, which behaves as an insulator in its bulk but whose surface contains topologically protected conducting states. The topological insulator as well as the magnetic chain form the Haldane phase represent symmetry protected by topological states. Over the last decade, this area developed into a frontline research in condensed matter physics, as topological materials could be used in next generation electronics, superconductors and quantum information science. Last but not least, current research reveals secrets of exotic states of matter discovered by this year’s Nobel Laureates., Alžbeta Orendáčová, Slavomír Gabáni, Martin Orendáč., and Obsahuje bibliografii
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57. Nositel NC za fyziku 2005 přednášel v Praze

Creator:
Cejnarová, Andrea
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Subject:
Hänsch, Theo W, 1941-, nositelé cen a vyznamenání, Nobelova cena (ocenění), fyzici, laureates, Nobel Prizes, physicists, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech
Description:
V rámci společného projektu společnosti Honeywell a ČVUT v Praze "Honeywell Nobel Initiative" přednesl 31. března v Praze na Fakultě elektrotechnické ČVUT přednášku prof. Theodor W. Hänsch, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku v roce 2005. Následující den pak proběhl seminář s pracovním názvem "Ke kvantové laboratoři na čipu" (Towards a quantum laboratory on a chip) a beseda se studenty a pedagogy. and Andrea Cejnarová.
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58. O supravodivosti a supratekutosti (co se mi podařilo udělat a co ne) a také o ‘fyzikálním minimu‘ na počátku XXI. století

Creator:
Ginzburg, Vitalij L. and Gregora, Ivan
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Subject:
fyzici, supravodivost, supratekutost, Nobelova cena (ocenění), physicists, superconductivity, superfluidity, Nobel Prizes, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech
Description:
Vitalij L. Ginzburg ; přeložil Ivan Gregora.
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59. Objev oscilací atmosférických neutrin: přednáška u příležitosti udělení Nobelovy ceny za fyziku za rok 2015

Creator:
Kajita, Takaaki and Gregora, Ivan
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Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Nobelova cena (ocenění), fyzika, Nobel Prizes, physics, přednášky, oscilace atmosferických neutrin, neutriny, mionové neutriny, lectures, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
V roce 1918 zaznamenal detektor Kamiokande v toku atmosférických neutrin neočekávaný deficit mionových neutrin. V té době se za možné vysvětlení považovaly neutrinové oscilace. Posléze, v roce 1998, při studiu atmosférických neutrin detektorem Super-Kamiokande byly neutrinové oscilace objeveny, což vedlo k závěru, že neutrina mají hmotnost. Cítím, že jsem měl mimořádné štěstí, protože jsem se tohoto vzrušujícího objevu od samého počátku účastnil. Objev nenulových hmotností neutrin otevřel okno ke studiu fyziky nad rámec standardního modelu fyziky elementárních částic, zejména fyziky na škále velmi vysokých energií, jakou je velké sjednocení interakcí elementárních částic. Současně však zbývá mnoho věcí, které je třeba pozorovat na samotných neutrinech. Další studium neutrin by nám mohlo poskytnout informace, které mají fundamentální význam pro naše porozumění přírodě, jako např. původ hmoty ve vesmíru., An unexpected muon neutrino deficit was observed in the atmospheric neutrino flux by Kamiokande in 1988. At that time neutrino oscillation was considered as a possible explanation for the data. Subsequently, in 1998, through the studies of atmospheric neutrinos, Super-Kamiokande discovered neutrino oscillations, establishing that neutrinos have mass. I feel that I have been extremely lucky, because I have been involved in the excitement of this discovery from its very beginning. The discovery of nonzero neutrino masses has opened a window to study physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particle physics, notably physics at a very high energy scale such as the grand unification of elementary particle interactions. At the same time, there are still many things to be observed in neutrinos themselves. Further studies of neutrinos might give us information of fundamental importance for our understanding of nature, such as the origin of the matter in the Universe., Takaaki Kajita ; přeložil Ivan Gregora., and Obsahuje bibliografii
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60. Oprava poškodenej DNA. Nobelova cena za chémiu 2015

Creator:
Piršel, Miroslav
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Subject:
Sancar, Aziz, Modrich, Paul, Lindahl, Tomas, chemie, Nobelova cena (ocenění), DNA (nukleová kyselina), physics, chemistry, Nobel Prizes, 6, and 53
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
Damage induced in DNA by numerous chemical and physical factors as well as spontaneously formed imperfections in DNA structure pose a threat to all organisms. To counteract this threat, living cells have evolved a series of DNA repair pathways to correct DNA lesions affecting base pairings or the structure of DNA. Today we understand, in a large part, the molecular mechanisms of these pathways in detail due to the pioneering studies by Tomas LIndahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar, which opened up this field of research. Tomas Lindahl discovered the molecular machinery of base excision repair - the main cell defence against endogeneous DNA damage. Aziz Sancar characterised, at the molecular level, details of the mechanisms of nucleotide excision repair - the major repair system of DNA damage caused by environmental factors such as UV-irradiation and various genotoxic chemicals including chemotherapeutic agents. Paul Modrich uncovered a mismatch repair - the way how cells resolve errors which occur during DNA replication. Therefore, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded jointly Lindahl, Modrich, and Sancar the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 for their "Mechanistic studies of DNA repair". In this paper, we briefly summarise the results of their work., Miroslav Piršel., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
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