Donald Davidson and John Searle famously differ, among other things, on the issue of animal thoughts. Davidson seems to be a latter-day Cartesian, denying any propositional thought to subhuman animals, while Searle seems to follow Hume in claiming that if we have thoughts, then animals do, too. Davidson’s argument centers on the idea that language is necessary for thought, which Searle rejects. The paper argues two things. Firstly, Searle eventually argues that much of a more complex thought does depend on language, which reduces a distance between himself and Davidson. Secondly, some of Davidson’s suggestions are promising - in particular the idea that we may lack a vocabulary to capture the contents of animal thoughts. Based on this insight, one might, pace Davidson, grant thoughts to animals. However, this does not mean, pace Searle, that it should be possible to construe even the simplest of such thoughts as propositional. Perhaps we need to move beyond Davidson and Searle by developing a theory of non-propositional thought for animals., Donald Davidson a John Searle se skvěle liší, mimo jiné, v otázce zvířecích myšlenek. Zdá se, že Davidson je karteziánem posledního dne, který popírá jakékoli výrokové myšlenky subhumánním zvířatům, zatímco Searle se zdá, že následuje Humea, když tvrdí, že pokud máme myšlenky, tak i zvířata. Davidsonův argument se soustředí na myšlenku, že jazyk je nezbytný pro myšlenku, kterou Searle odmítá. Příspěvek argumentuje dvě věci. Za prvé, Searle nakonec argumentuje, že mnoho složitějších myšlenek závisí na jazyce, což snižuje vzdálenost mezi ním a Davidsonem. Za druhé, některé z Davidsonových návrhů jsou slibné - zejména myšlenka, že nám může chybět slovní zásoba, která by zachytila obsah zvířecích myšlenek. Na základě tohoto vhledu, jedna síla, tempoDavidsoni, udělte myšlenky zvířatům. To však neznamená, že tempo Searle, že by mělo být možné vyložit i ty nejjednodušší takové myšlenky jako výrokové. Možná, že musíme jít za Davidsonem a Searlem tím, že vypracujeme teorii non-propozičního myšlení pro zvířata., and Tomáš Hříbek
Recent studies have shown that the presence of ice cover leads to an intensified local scour pattern in the vicinity of bridge piers. To investigate the local scour pattern in the vicinity of bridge pier under ice-covered flow condition comparing to that under open channel flow condition, it is essential to examine flow field around bridge piers under different flow conditions. In order to do so, after creation of smooth and rough ice covers, three-dimensional timeaveraged velocity components around four pairs of bridge piers were measured using an Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV). The ADV measured velocity profiles describe the difference between the velocity distributions in the vicinity of bridge piers under different covered conditions. Experimental results show that the vertical velocity distribution which represents the strength of downfall velocity is the greatest under rough covered condition which leads to a greater scour depth. Besides, results show that the turbulent intensity increases with pier size regardless of flow cover, which implies that larger scour depth occurs around piers with larger diameter.