The paper focuses on building a vertical organisational structure
of notable parties in the Habsburg Monarchy in the 1860s and 1870s on the example of the National Party (Old Czech Party). It analyses contemporary press, announcements of political offices, correspondence of political leaders and the protocol of the parliamentary club. The key issue is the motivation of the leadership of emerging notable political parties (deputies, political leaders) to expand the party organisation from the top down (to town, district, and regional level) and its urgency in the context of forming a new political system and emerging national political
conflicts in Bohemia. The paper outlines a gradual building of connections between the political centre (the Prague leadership of the National Party) and local, or regional, centres; searching for so called local trustees and the problem with their mobilisation during
elections. The author deals also with organisational and structural changes of the political relations between the centre and the peripheries in the first twenty years after reintroduction of constitutionalism and parliamentarism in the Habsburg Empire
(from recruiting local trustees, through assembling local election committees, to founding local and regional political societies).
Th is development is put into the context of forming district government and of Bohemian election battles, which in the 1870s took place virtually every year. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pd čarou
The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between forms of labour market marginalisation, understood here in terms of labour market status and job quality on the one hand, and income disadvantage, material deprivation and social exclusion on the other hand. Public policies that aim to improve labour market position and the income level of people disadvantaged in the labour market are also assessed. The authors draw on data from a survey on social exclusion in the Czech Republic focusing on people who were welfare benefits recipients in 2004 or considered their situation to be comparable to that of welfare recipients. The authors show that labour market marginalisation is transparent not only during unemployment spells (often repeated and longterm) but also in the case of temporary, low paid and poor quality jobs. The income levels of people employed in the lowest segment of the labour market and of the unemployed are similar, while the deprivation of the unemployed is greater with regard to the possibilities open to them to influence the life course and opportunities of them and especially their families. The authors point out the under-use of welfare benefits and identify measures that could improve the standard of living and human capital of people who are disadvantaged. While some disadvantaged people continue to be active in the labour market and perceive work incentives, the authors also identify the poverty traps that emerge for the fraction of them who become discouraged and welfare-dependent.