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2. Comparison of pollutant concentrations in fog (low cloud) water in northern and southern Bohemia

Creator:
Fišák, Jaroslav, Řezáčová, Daniela, Eliáš, Václav, and Tesař, Miroslav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
meteorological observatory, Milesovka, Churanov, fog, low clouds, fog water samples, chemical analysis of fog water, pollutant concentration in fog water, fog water acidity, fog water conductivity, meteorologická observatoř, Milešovka, Churáňov, mlha, nízká oblačnost, vzorky mlžné vody, chemické analýzy mlžné vody, koncentrace polutantů v mlžné vodě, kyselost a vodivost mlžné vody, and znečištění vzduchu
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The paper summarises the results of the first year of the project GACR No. 205/99/1426 focused on the comparison of the pollutant concentration in the fog (low cloud ) water of two industrial regions of the Czech Republic with different atmospheric load. During the first project year the samples of the fog (cloud) water were collected and analysed. The number of samples, collected at the mountain observatories Milesovka (Mileschauer) and at Churanov, permitted the first preliminary comparison of the regions. The subject of comparison were the mean values of the pollutant concentration, the concentration of pollutants in dependence on the wind direction and in the dependence on the sector from which the air particles (and consequently also the pollutants) were transported to the considered stand. and Příspěvek shrnuje výsledky 1. roku řešení projektu GA CR 205/99/1426, který je věnován porovnání koncentrací polutantu v mlžné (oblačné) vode průmyslově odlišně zatížených oblastí ČR. V průběhu 1. roku řešení projektu byly odebrány a chemicky analyzovány vzorky mlžné (oblačné) vody. Počet odebraných a analyzovaných vzorků z horské observatoře ÚFA Milešovka a horského pracovište ÚH Churáňov umožnil první porovnání oblastí. Porovnávány byly průměrné hodnoty koncentrací polutantů, koncentrace polutantů v závislosti na směru větru a v závislosti na sektoru, ze kterého jsou vzduchové částice (tedy i polutanty) na dané stanovište transportovány.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

3. Episodic runoff generation at Central European headwater catchments studied using water isotope concentration signals

Creator:
Votrubová, Jana, Dohnal, Michal, Vogel, Tomáš, Sanda, Martin, and Tesař, Miroslav
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
O isotope, headwater catchment runoff, subsurface runoff, tracer, and rainfall-runoff episodes
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Hydrological monitoring in small headwater catchments provides the basis for examining complex interrelating hydraulic processes that govern the runoff generation. Contributions of different subsurface runoff mechanisms to the catchment discharge formation at two small forested headwater catchments are studied with the help of their natural isotopic signatures. The Uhlirska catchment (Jizera Mts., Czech Republic) is situated in headwater area of the Lusatian Neisse River. The catchment includes wetlands at the valley bottom developed over deluviofluvial granitic sediments surrounded by gentle hillslopes with shallow soils underlain by weathered granite. The Liz catchment (Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic) is situated in headwater area of the Otava River. It belongs to hillslope-type catchments with narrow riparian zones. The soil at Liz is developed on biotite paragneiss bedrock. The basic comparison of hydrological time series reveals that the event-related stream discharge variations at the Uhlirska catchment are bigger and significantly more frequent than at Liz. The analysis of isotope concentration data revealed different behavior of the two catchments during the major rainfall-runoff events. At Uhlirska, the percentage of the direct runoff formed by the event water reaches its maximum on the falling limb of the hydrograph. At Liz, the event water related fraction of the direct outflow is maximal on the rising limb of the hydrograph and then lowers. The hydraulic functioning of the Uhlirska catchment is determined by communication between hillslope and riparian zone compartments.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

4. Hydrologický výzkum v povodí Volyňky a autoregulace hydrologického cyklu v povodí Liz

Creator:
Tesař, Miroslav, Balek, Jaroslav, and Šír, Miloslav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
experimental hydrology, hydrological cycle, Bohemian Forest, experimentální hydrologie, hydrologický cyklus, and Šumava
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Fundamental research of the hydrologic cycle in Volyňka catchment was established by the Institute of Hydrodynamics (Academy of Sciences of CR) in 1964. Since 1975 hydrologic cycle is monitored in the Liz catchment (spruce forest), Zábrod arable land and Zábrod meadow experimental areas. These experimental sites are situated in the mountainous and submontane region (800 - 1100 m a.s.l.) of the Šumava Mts. (Bohemian Forest). Influence of plant transpiration on the air temperature and entropy production is analyzed. Stabilizing role of both the water retention in a catchment and plant transpiration is evaluated. It was found that under conditions of sufficient retention capacity of a catchment (mainly the soil) and the area covered by transpiring vegetation, the hydrologic cycle was resistant to the great climatic perturbances in the growing seasons 1983, 1992 and 1994. and Ústav pro hydrodynamiku AV ČR započal v roce 1964 experimentální hydrologický výzkum v povodí Volyňky. Od roku 1975 probíhá soustavné měření charakteristik hydrologického cyklu na vrcholových povodích Liz a Albrechtec (lesní porost) a experimentálních plochách Zábrod-pole a Zábrod-louka ve Vimperské vrchovině (800 až 1100 m n. m., Šumava). Monitoring prokazuje, že jednou z příčin relativní stability teplot přízemní atmosféry a odtoků z horských povodí je transpirace rostlin ve vegetační sezóně umožněná retencí vody v povodí. Dostatečná retenční schopnost krajiny (zejména půdy) a dostatečná transpirace vegetačního krytu dodávají hydrologickému koloběhu cyklický charakter. Bylo prokázáno, že vodou dostatečně zásobený hydrologický cyklus na povodí Liz dobře odolává velkým jednorázovým perturbacím spojeným se zvětšením příkonu tepla, jako tomu bylo v letech 1983, 1992 a 1994 (následek výbuchu sopky El Chichon v roce 1982 a Mont Pinatubo v roce 1991).
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

5. Instrument for measurement of the amount of the solid precipitation deposit - ice meter

Creator:
Fišák, Jaroslav, Chum, Jaroslav, Vojta, Jaroslav, and Tesař, Miroslav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
monitoring and analysis of water, solid precipitation deposit, hard rime, icing, ice meter, pevné usazené srážky, námraza, námrazky, námrazoměr, and meteorologická observatoř
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Present article deals with the methods of measurement and observation of the solid deposited precipitation especially in the meteorological service. The insufficient predicative ability of these methods for the hydrological purposes is shown. The new instrument made in the IAP AS CR for the mass measurement of the solid deposited precipitation and icing at all is presented here. The results of instrumental measurement are compared with the routine synoptic observation. The instrument was tested at the meteorological observatory Milesovka and will be installed there to the routine operation. The setting of this instrument will lay the foundations of the measurement of the solid deposited precipitation by the objective way and of the appropriate data sets rise. It will make possible better evaluation of the solid precipitation deposit to hydrological inputs to a watershed. and Příspěvek se zabývá způsoby měření a pozorování pevných usazených srážek, především v meteorologické službě. Ukazuje na nedostatečnou vypovídající schopnost těchto způsobů měření pro hydrologické účely. Je zde představen nový přístroj vyrobený v ÚFA AV ČR, který měří hmotnost pevných usazených srážek a námrazků vůbec. Výsledky přístrojového měření jsou porovnány s klasickým synoptickým pozorováním. Přístroj byl testován na meteorologické observatoři Milešovka a bude zde nasazen do rutinního provozu. Nasazení přístroje položí základ pro objektivizaci měření pevných usazených srážek a vznik příslušných datových souborů. To umožní lepší hodnocení příspěvku pevných usazených srážek k hydrologickým vstupům do povodí.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

6. Ponded infiltration in a grid of permanent single-ring infiltrometers: Spatial versus temporal variability

Creator:
Votrubová, Jana, Dohnal, Tomáš, Tesař, Miroslav, Jelínková, Vladimíra, and Cislerova, Milena
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
soil infiltrability, infiltration instability, infiltration modes, burrowing animals, and preferential flow
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Temporal variability of the soil hydraulic properties is still an open issue. The present study deals with results of ponded infiltration experiments performed annually in a grid of permanent measurement points (18 spatial and 14 temporal replicates). Single ring infiltrometers were installed in 2003 at a meadow site in the Bohemian Forest highlands, the Czech Republic. The soil at the plot is coarse sandy loam classified as oligotrophic Eutric Cambisol. Soil water flow below infiltration rings has distinctly preferential character. The results are marked with substantial interannual changes of observed infiltration rates. Considering just the results from the initial four years of the study, the temporal variability did not exceed the spatial variability detected in individual years. In later years, a shift to extremely high infiltration rates was observed. We hypothesize that it is related to structural changes of the soil profile possibly related to combined effect of soil biota activity, climatic conditions and experimental procedure. Interestingly, the temporal changes can partly be described as fluctuations between seemingly stable infiltration modes. This phenomenon was detected in the majority of rings and was found independent of the initial soil moisture conditions.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

7. Projev klimatické anomálie 1992 - 1996 v odtokových poměrech na povodí Liz

Creator:
Šír, Miloslav, Tesař, Miroslav, Lichner, Ľubomír, and Syrovátka, Oldřich
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
hydrologic cycle, precipitation, runoff, hydrologický cyklus, srážky, and odtoky
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Hydrologic cycle in the Liz catchment is described with an anomaly in the vegetation seasons 1992-1996. Experimental catchment Liz is located in the Šumava Mts. in the Czech Republic. The fully forested watershed is covered by mature spruce forest, and its basic characteristics are as follows: drainage area 0.99 km2, mean discharge 0.01m3 s-1, runoff coefficient 0.38, mean annual air temperature 6.30 oC, average slope 17 %, basin length 1.45 km, water course length 1.43 km, elevation 828-1074 m a.s.l., precipitation sum 851 mm year-1, and runoff depth 324 mm year-1. Air temperature, precipitation, global radiation, and discharge in the closing profile are measured in the catchment. It is characteristic for hydrologic cycle in the catchment that the share of seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature was nearly constant in 1983-2000. However, the seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature were changed considerably in 1983-2000. Similarly, the share of seasonal sums of both the rainfall and runoff was nearly constant in 1983-1991 and 1997-1999. An anomalous course of climate was registered in 1992-1996, manifested by a deviation on the double mass curve of the seasonal sums of rainfall and runoff. Stabilised elsewhere, the ratio of rainfall and runoff is changed during the vegetation seasons 1992-1996. Starting from the 1997 season, this ratio has obtained the value held before 1992. The reason of the 1992-1996 anomaly of hydrologic cycle in the experimental catchment had to be significant external phenomenon, most likely explosion of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in Philippines on June 15, 1991. and Hydrologic cycle in the Liz catchment is described with an anomaly in the vegetation seasons 1992- 1996. Experimental catchment Liz is located in the Šumava Mts. in the Czech Republic. The fully forested watershed is covered by mature spruce forest, and its basic characteristics are as follows: drainage area 0.99 km2 , mean discharge 0.01m3 s -1, runoff coefficient 0.38, mean annual air temperature 6.30 ºC, average slope 17 %, basin length 1.45 km, water course length 1.43 km, elevation 828-1074 m a.s.l., precipitation sum 851 mm year-1, and runoff depth 324 mm year-1. Air temperature, precipitation, global radiation, and discharge in the closing profile are measured in the catchment. It is characteristic for hydrologic cycle in the catchment that the share of seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature was nearly constant in 1983-2000. However, the seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature were changed considerably in 1983-2000. Similarly, the share of seasonal sums of both the rainfall and runoff was nearly constant in 1983-991 and 1997-1999. An anomalous course of climate was registered in 1992-1996, manifested by a deviation on the double mass curve of the seasonal sums of rainfall and runoff. Stabilised elsewhere, the ratio of rainfall and runoff is changed during the vegetation seasons 1992-1996. Starting from the 1997 season, this ratio has obtained the value held before 1992. The reason of the 1992-1996 anomaly of hydrologic cycle in the experimental catchment had to be significant external phenomenon, most likely explosion of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in Philippines on June 15, 1991.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

8. Rainfall interception and spatial variability of throughfall in spruce stand

Creator:
Dohnal, Michal, Černý, Tomáš, Votrubová, Jana, and Tesař, Miroslav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
interception loss, interception capacity, free throughfall, evaporation, and hydrological balance of vegetation cover
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The interception was recognized as an important part of the catchment water balance in temperate climate. The mountainous forest ecosystem at experimental headwater catchment Liz has been subject of long-term monitoring. Unique dataset in terms of time resolution serves to determine canopy storage capacity and free throughfall. Spatial variability of throughfall was studied using one weighing and five tipping bucket rain gauges. The basic characteristics of forest affecting interception process were determined for the Norway spruce stand at the experimental area - the leaf area index was 5.66 - 6.00 m2 m-2, the basal area was 55.7 m2 ha-1, and the crown closure above individual rain gauges was between 19 and 95%. The total interception loss in both growing seasons analyzed was 34.5%. The mean value of the interception capacity determined was about 2 mm. Throughfall exhibited high variability from place to place and it was strongly affected by character of rainfall. On the other hand, spatial pattern of throughfall in average showed low variability.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public