V souvislosti s vysokou četností výskytu extrémů hydrometeorologické a hydrologické povahy, které se dostavují v posledních zhruba 20 letech, se stále častěji hovoří o nezbytnosti trvale uplatňovat preventivní protipovodňová opatření, a stejně tak se uvažuje o možných příčinách nápadně zvýšeného výskytu těchto nepříznivých hydrologických situací (viz také článek na str. 116–119 tohoto čísla Živy). Současná zemědělská krajina naléhavě vyžaduje výrazná biotechnická doplnění o krajinné prvky a útvary, které budou podporovat vsakování (infiltraci) a vtoky (influkci) vody do půdního prostředí a současně omezovat vznik vodní eroze půdy, zlepšovat biodiverzitu a celkový kulturně přírodní ráz krajiny. and Zdeněk Vašků.
Český lid/The Czech Folk - Journal of Ethnological studies is the oldest ethnographic magazine in the Czech Republic. It was founded in 1891, and today it serves for various streams of ethnographic studies - i.e. cultural or social anthropology, classic ethnography and borderline disciplines. The magazine is published as a quarterly in 500 copies by Etnologický ústav AV ČR/The Institute of Ethnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague. Its supplement is published irregularly since 1990 (4 volumes). The editor is Z. Hanzl. The quarterly Národopisné aktuality/Ethnographic News was published by Ústav lidového umění/The Institute of Folk Arts in Strážnice since 1964. The magazine acquired many stable associates and was well established in Czech as well as Slovak professional quarters. Sometimes it published even articles from abroad. Since 1990 the magazine changed thoroughly. I was renamed as Národopisná revue/Journal of Ethnography, and the magazine had difficulties to find a new face., When the independent Czech Republic came into being it tried to keep in touch with the Slovak ethnographers. It publishes professional articles (currently mostly thematic), reviews, personal datas, photographs by professional and amateur photographers.The editor-in-chief is J. Krist, the editors M. Pavlicová and L. Uhlíková. A bibliography of dead and living ethnographers and folklorists is published as the supplement (up to now 11 volumes). Národopisná společnost českoslovanská/The Czechoslavonic Ethnographical Society started to publish its own magazine in 1897. The original name Národopisný sborník českoslovanský/The Czechoslavonic Ethnographical Miscellany was changed to Národopisný věstník českoslovanský/ The Czechoslavonic Ethnographical Bulletin in 1906. Thanks to the editors (J. Polívka et al.) the magazine reached the European standard, especially because of the articles on comparative folklore studies. The bulletin did not exist after the WWII till 1966, when a new editorial board with V. Frolec in the head was created. They tried to reach again the high standard, but the regime after 1968 led to the end of it. As late as in 1984 the Ethnographical Society enforced its publishment but only in a modest form. The publishing continues after 1989., The ethnographic bibliography of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia
Autonomous ethnographic bibliographies came into being together with the gradual forming of ethnography as an independent discipline - in 1880s and 1890s. Before this time, ethnography had been included in linguistic, literary, historic and other surveys. Ethnographic materials were included also in the oldest scientific magazine - The Magazine of the Czech Museum - since 1830, as well as in The History of Czech Literature by J. Jungmann (1825), works of P. J. Šafařík, J. V. Michl, A. V. Šembera, F. Doucha, J. Jireček and others. Since 1880s ethnographic surveys were published in the magazine Wisla (J. Polívka). In the Czechoslavonic Ethnographic Bulletin. Ethnographic materials were published by J. Polívka, V. Tille, J. Zubatý. E. Kovář, L. Niederle and others. The bibliiography of Czech and Slovak ethnography was published also in some German and Austrian magazines. The bibliography was regularly published in the Czech Folk led by Č. Zíbrt. Zíbrt himself is the author of the Bibliography of Czech History. In 1930s the bibliographies were processed by D. Stránská and J. Horák. In 1954, a bibliography documenting the years 1945-1952 was published by L. Kunz. This bibliography is continued by bibliographies by H. Mülerová (1953-1970), V. Trkovská and Z. Mišurec. In 1960 an important bibliography (1891-1932) was published by L. Kunz. Bibliography of years 1971-1982 by V. Trkovská was published in 1983, years 1983-1989 were documented in 1991 (H. Müllerová). At present, the bibliography is being continued by J. Hrdá; partial bibliographies are by M. Válka, M. Nádvorníková, J. and T. Kubíček, and others., and Anglické abstrakty s šifrou (lv) - abstrakt 1 a (št) - abstrakt 2 jsou uvedeny na str. 198-199.
This article begins with the observation that most contemporary theories of justice pay no attention to the concept of need. And, as my main thesis, I shall argue that this is not correct. First of all (I) I shall explain the reasons for this theoretical deficit and I shall strictly distinguish (II) the concept of “need” from other concepts, such as “wish” and “drive”, which are routinely interpreted as its synonyms. Then (III) I shall offer a definition of need which is based on a complex conception of human personality. I shall introduce an enumeration of the various levels of the person by which various categories of need correspond with various objects. In the next step (IV) I shall tackle the question of whether in some regard it is necessary to treat needs as reasons for conduct. In this context I shall briefly present a historico-naturalistic account which aims to provide a grounding for judgements about questions of human needs. (V). Finally I shall deal with the social dimension of human needs and I will put forward reasons for the view that a theory of social justice should deal with the concept of need as its main theme (VI).
Stať se snaží analyzovat myšlenky málo známého rukopisu Sigmunda Freuda z roku 1895, v němž usiloval o nalezení biologických základů lidské psychiky. Tato práce je pozoruhodná ze dvou důvodů. Jednak představuje úvahy, které se výrazně odlišují od toho, co je pro Freuda v oblasti psychologie tak typické. Freud se zde, až na výjimky, nezabývá psychoanalýzou či studiemi o hysterii, nýbrž popisuje, co by mohlo být základem těchto psychologických jevů na neurofyziologické úrovni. Druhým pozoruhodným faktem je, že tento manuskript byl pozapomenut až do poloviny 20. století, kdy byl vytištěn pod názvem Projekt vědecké psychologie. A jak je známo, neurofyziologická studia lidské mysli spojená s analýzou kognitivních funkcí se v rigorózní podobě objevují až na počátku 60. let. Stať se proto pokouší ukázat základní principy Projektu a naznačit, v čem byl Freud inspirativním průkopníkem moderních neurofyziologických přístupů k lidské mysli., This paper focuses on Sigmund Freud’s manuscript that he wrote in 1895 as a series of letters seeking for biological foundations of human mind. Th is work significantly differs from what is so typical for Freud as a psychologist. With few exceptions, Freud is not engaged here with psychoanalysis and studies on hysteria, but describes what could be the basis of psychological phenomena at neurophysiological level. Another remarkable fact is that this manuscript was forgotten until the mid-twentieth century when it was published under the title Project for Scientific Psychology. And as we know, neurophysiological studies as rigorous studies of the human mind associated with the analysis of cognitive functions appeared first at the beginning of 60’s. The article therefore attempts to show the basic principles of the Project as well as to outline some of the issues that connect Freud to contemporary ideas in neurophysiology of human mind., and Michal Polák.
This text is directed to the summarized description and physical interpretation of the basic structure of a radar from the standpoint of the theory of signal processing. after introductional and functional classification of radars, this text contains the treatise of a representative radar block model and of the characteristic signal properties of partial radar subsystems, containing the radar transmitter with signal waveform generator, radar antenna and radar receiver with the signal and data processor and display. For better orientation in the problems, the english synonyma are added to some established Czech expressions., Tento text je zaměřen k shrnujícímu popisu a fyzikální interpretaci základní struktury radaru z hlediska teorie zpracování signálů. Po vymezení a funkční klasifikaci radarů obsahuje pojednání o reprezentačním blokovém modelu radaru a o charakteristických signálových vlastnostech jeho dílčích subsystémů, k nimž hlavně patří radarový vysílač s tvarovacím signálovým generátorem, radarová anténa a radarový přijímač se signálovým a datovým procesorem a obrazovkou., and Dokončení článku z minulého čísla
This text is directed to the summarized description and physical interpretation of the basic structure of a radar from the standpoint of the theory of signal processing. after introductional and functional classification of radars, this text contains the treatise of a representative radar block model and of the characteristic signal properties of partial radar subsystems, containing the radar transmitter with signal waveform generator, radar antenna and radar receiver with the signal and data processor and display. For better orientation in the problems, the english synonyma are added to some established Czech expressions., Tento text je zaměřen k shrnujícímu popisu a fyzikální interpretaci základní struktury radaru z hlediska teorie zpracování signálů. Po vymezení a funkční klasifikaci radarů obsahuje pojednání o reprezentačním blokovém modelu radaru a o charakteristických signálových vlastnostech jeho dílčích subsystémů, k nimž hlavně patří radarový vysílač stvarovacím signálovým generátorem, radarová anténa a radarový přijímač se signálovým a datovým procesorem a obrazovkou., and Pokračování v příštím čísle
This text is directed to the summarized description and physical interpretation of the basic structure of a radar from the standpoint of the theory of signal processing. after introductional and functional classification of radars, this text contains the treatise of a representative radar block model and of the characteristic signal properties of partial radar subsystems, containing the radar transmitter with signal waveform generator, radar antenna and radar receiver with the signal and data processor and display. For better orientation in the problems, the english synonyma are added to some established Czech expressions., Tento text je zaměřen k shrnujícímu popisu a fyzikální interpretaci základní struktury radaru z hlediska teorie zpracování signálů. Po vymezení a funkční klasifikaci radarů obsahuje pojednání o reprezentačním blokovém modelu radaru a o charakteristických signálových vlastnostech jeho dílčích subsystémů, k nimž hlavně patří radarový vysílač s tvarovacím signálovým generátorem, radarová anténa a radarový přijímač se signálovým a datovým procesorem a obrazovkou., and Pokračování článku z minulého čísla. Pokračování v příštím čísle.