One broad-leaved pioneer tree, Alnus formosana, two broad-leaved understory shrubs, Ardisia crenata and Ardisia cornudentata, and four ferns with different light adaptation capabilities (ranked from high to low, Pyrrosia lingus, Asplenium antiquum, Diplazium donianum, Archangiopteris somai) were used to elucidate the light responses of photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate (ETR). Pot-grown materials received up to 3 levels of light intensity, i.e., 100%, 50% and 10% sunlight. Both gas exchange and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence were measured simultaneously by an equipment under constant temperature and 7 levels (0-2,000 μmol m-2 s-1) of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Plants adapted to-or acclimated to high light always had higher
light-saturation point and maximal photosynthetic rate. Even materials had a broad range of photosynthetic capacity [maximal photosynthetic rate ranging from 2 to 23 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1], the ratio of ETR to gross photosynthetic rate (PG) was close for A. formosana and the 4 fern species when measured under constant temperature, but the PPFD varied. In addition, P. lingus and A. formosana grown under 100% sunlight and measured at different seasonal temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) showed increased ETR/P G ratio with increasing temperature and could be fitted by first- and second-order equations, respectively. With this equation, estimated and measured PG were closely correlated (r2 = 0.916 and r2 = 0.964 for P. lingus and A. formosana, respectively, p<0.001). These equations contain only the 2 easily obtained dynamic indicators, ETR and leaf temperature. Therefore, for some species with near ETR/PG ratio in differential levels of PPFD, these equations could be used to simulate dynamic variation of leaf scale photosynthetic rate under different temperature and PPFD conditions., S.-L.. Wong ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Some reports indicate that mesophyll conductance (gm) to carbon dioxide varies greatly with the substomatal carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) during the measurement, while other reports indicate little or no change in g m with Ci. I used the oxygen sensitivity of photosynthesis to determine the response of gm to Ci over the range of about 100 to 300 μmol mol-1 Ci at constant temperature in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max) grown over a range of temperatures and photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD). In soybean grown and measured at high PPFD there was only a slight, approximately 15% decrease in gm with Ci over the range of 100 to 300 μmol mol-1. With lower PPFD during the measurement of gm, and especially with low PPFD during plant growth, there was a larger decrease in gm with Ci in soybean. In common bean, the same range in Ci resulted in about a 60% decrease in g m for plants grown and measured at high PPFD, with an even larger decrease for plants at low growth or measurement PPFD. Growth temperatures of 20 to 30°C had little influence on the response of gm to Ci or its absolute value in either species. It is concluded that these two species differed substantially in the sensitivity of gm to Ci, and that PPFD but not temperature during leaf development strongly affected the response of gm to Ci. and J. A. Bunce.
Leaf traits have long been recognized as influential factors in the acquisition and processing of resources by plants. However, there is less knowledge of between-species variations in seasonal changes in leaf traits and trait interrelationships. Therefore, we examined variations in leaf area (LA), dry biomass (DM), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf gas-exchange parameters in one non-native and seven native tree species under field environmental conditions, in a karst area in China subjected to desertification. Measurements were taken three times during the growing season. The results show that the seven native trees had higher LA, DM, and water-use efficiency (WUE) than the non-native Cinnamomum camphora. In contrast, all the native tree species except Ligustrum lucidum had lower photosynthetic rates (PN) than the non-native species. In all species, the relationship between LA and DM was less variable than the relationship between SLA and LA. However, leaves of the non-native C. camphora and native species Sterculia lanceolata, Cleidiocarpon cavalerei and Cyclobalanopsis glauca were highly sensitive to seasonal conditions, leaves of Sapindus mukorossi and Ligustrum lucidum were less sensitive to seasonal changes, and leaves of Syzygium cumini and Cephalomappa sinensis were insensitive. An understanding of leaf traits will aid the selection of suitable species for land restoration. and L.-Y. Wei ... [et al.].
Leaf respiration (R L) of evergreen species co-occurring in the Mediterranean maquis developing along the Latium coast was analyzed. The results on the whole showed that the considered evergreen species had the same R L trend during the year, with the lowest rates [0.83 ± 0.43 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, mean value of the considered species] in winter, in response to low air temperatures. Higher R L were reached in spring [2.44 ± 1.00 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, mean value] during the favorable period, and in summer [3.17 ± 0.89 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1] during drought. The results of the regression analysis showed that 42% of R L variations depended on mean air temperature and 13% on total monthly rainfall. Among the considered species, C. incanus, was characterized by the highest R L in drought [4.93 ± 0.27 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1], low leaf water potential at predawn (Ψpd = -1.08 ± 0.18 MPa) and midday (Ψmd = -2.75 ± 0.11 MPa) and low relative water content at predawn (RWCpd = 80.5 ± 3.4%) and midday (RWCmd = 67.1 ± 4.6%). Compared to C. incanus, the sclerophyllous species (Q. ilex, P. latifolia, P. lentiscus, A. unedo) and the liana (S. aspera), had lower R L [2.72 ± 0.66 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, mean value of the considered species], higher RWCpd (91.8 ± 1.8%), RWCmd (82.4 ± 3.2%), Ψpd (-0.65 ± 0.28 MPa) and Ψmd (-2.85 ± 1.20 MPa) in drought. The narrow-leaved species (E. multiflora, R. officinalis, and E. arborea) were in the middle. The coefficients, proportional to the respiration increase for each 10°C rise (Q10), ranging from 1.49 (E. arborea) to 1.98 (A. unedo) were indicative of the different sensitivities of the considered species to air temperature variation., R. Catoni, L. Varone, and L. Gratani., and Obsahuje bibliografii
V této práci sumarizujeme data o výskytu invazních druhů řas a sinic v České republice a mapujeme reálná či potenciální rizika jejich rozšíření. Seznam invazních druhů v ČR obsahuje 10 druhů sinic, 9 rozsivek, 1 obrněnku, 1 zástupce třídy Ulvophyceae, 2 zelené řasy třídy Chlorophyceae a jednu krásivku., This paper summarizes data on alien species of algae and cyanobacteria in the Czech Republic; we identified actual or potential risks resulting from their spread. The list of aliens contains 10 species of Cyanobacteria (Cyanophyta), 10 species of Bacillariophyceae, one species of Dinophyta, one species of Ulvophyceae, two species of Chlorophyceae, and one species of Desmidiales., and Jan Kaštovský ... [et al.].
Vřeckovýtrusná houba druhu Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus s anamorfou Chalara fraxinea způsobuje onemocnění známé jako nekróza jasanu na různých druzích jasanů v Evropě. Onemocnění se objevilo v Polsku na počátku 90. let po introdukci patogenu z Východní Asie. Následně se epidemie rozšířila do celého areálu přirozeného rozšíření hostitelských druhů a zasáhla i umělé výsadby a školky. Článek shrnuje historii a současný stav našeho poznání od objevu patogenu až po nejnovější poznatky., The ascomycete Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus with its anamorph Chalara fraxinea causes a disease known as ash dieback on various ash (Fraxinus) species in Europe. The disease emerged in Poland in the early 1990s after introduction of the pathogen from East Asia. The epidemic spread across the entire native distribution range of the host trees also affected artificial plantations and nurseries. This review presents the history and the state of research from the discovery of the pathogen to the most recent findings., and Ondřej Koukol, Ludmila Havrdová.
Ačkoli jsou elektrické signály typičtější pro neurony živočichů, také rostliny jsou schopné vytvářet tento druh signálů. Rozeznáváme u nich dva základní typy - variační a akční potenciály. Ty se od sebe odlišují určitými vlastnostmi, ale oba typy mají významný dopad na fyziologické procesy v rostlinách, např. na pohyb listů, fotosyntézu, dýchání, opylování, zavírání průduchů, syntézu hormonů nebo trávení hmyzu u masožravých rostlin., Although electrical signals are more typical for animal neurons, plants also have the ability to generate these signals. Two different types are recognized: action and variation potentials. They differ in certain characteristics, however both have significant impact on physiological processes in plants; e.g. on leaf movement, photosynthesis, respiration, pollination, stomata closure, hormone synthesis and insect digestion in carnivorous plants., Andrej Pavlovič., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Giant rosettes are ones of the most striking features of the vegetation in the high tropical Andes, with Coespeletia moritziana reaching the highest altitudes up to 4,600 m a.s.l. Different from other giant rosettes, this species grows on rock outcrops with poorly developed soils and where water availability may be limited. Two questions are addressed in this study: How does this species respond in terms of water relations to maintain favorable gas-exchange conditions? Considering that adult plants rely on a water-reserving central pith, how do early stages respond to this environment’s extreme conditions? Water relations and gas-exchange studies were carried out on juveniles, intermediate and adult C. moritziana plants during wet and dry seasons in Páramo de Piedras Blancas at 4,200 m a.s.l. Adult plants maintained higher leaf water potentials (ΨL) during the wet season, however, no differences between stages were found for the dry season. Minimum dry season ΨL were never near the turgor loss point in any of the stages. Juveniles show a more strict stomatal control during the dry season to maintain a favorable water status. Net photosynthesis significantly decreased in intermediate and juvenile stages from wet to dry seasons. Our results suggest that
C. moritziana resists more extreme conditions compared to other Andean giant rosettes., F. Rada, A. Azócar, A. Rojas-Altuve., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Effects of water and nitrogen (N) supply on growth and photosynthetic response of B. carinata were examined in this study. Plant growth and related characteristics varied significantly in response to the availability of water and nitrogen. B. carinata maximized the utilization efficiency of the most limiting resources by developing physiological adaptations, such as changes in root and leaf development. The utilization of water and N was tightly linked with the availability of each resource. Instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE) was always greater in plants with high-N nutrition [50, 100, and 150 kg(N) ha-1] than in the low-N-treated plants
[0 kg(N) ha-1] in all watering treatments. Instantaneous N-use efficiency (PNUE) decreased significantly with increasing water stress in all N treatments. Seed yield is significantly related to PNUE (p>0.05) but not WUE (p<0.05). The positive relationship between leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN) and seed yield suggests that PN can be used as an important tool for selection of new strains with high seed yield. and X. Pan ... [et al.].
Environmental conditions that promote photorespiration are considered to be a major driving force for the evolution of C4 species from C3 ancestors. The genus Flaveria contains C3 and C4 species as well as a variety of intermediate species. In this study, we compare the water-use efficiency of intermediate Flaveria species to that of C3 and C4 species. The results indicate that under both well-watered and a drought-stress condition, C3-C4 and C4-like intermediacy in Flaveria species improve water-use efficiency as compared to C3 species. and M. C. Dias, W. Brüggemann.