Quantificational accounts of logical consequence account for it in terms of truth-preservation in all cases - be it admissible substitutional variants or interpretations with respect to non-logical terms. In this second of my three connected studies devoted to the quantificational tradition I set out to reconstruct the seminal contributions of Russell, Carnap, Tarski and Quine and evaluate them vis-à-vis some of the most pressing objections. This study also prepares the ground for my discussion of the standard model-theoretic account of consequence to be found in the concluding study., Kvantifikační popisy logických důsledků z toho vyplývají z hlediska zachování pravdy ve všech případech - ať už jde o přípustné substituční varianty nebo interpretace s ohledem na nelogické pojmy. V této druhé ze svých třech propojených studií věnovaných kvantifikační tradici jsem se rozhodl rekonstruovat klíčové příspěvky Russella, Carnapa, Tarskiho a Quina a hodnotit je ve vztahu k některým z nejnaléhavějších námitek. Tato studie také připravuje půdu pro diskusi o standardním teoreticko-teoretickém výkladu důsledků, které lze nalézt v závěrečné studii., and Ladislav Koreň
This concluding study devoted to quantificational accounts of consequence and related logical properties deals with the model-theoretic account (MTA). In response to objections questioning its intuitive adequacy, it is argued that MTA does not aim to analyse ''the'' alleged intuitive notion of consequence, but aims to formally reconstruct one specific semantic account, according to which valid arguments preserve truth in virtue of their logico-semantic structure and irrespectively of particular semantic values of the non-logical vocabulary. So conceived, MTA is arguably superior to any other quantificational account, being based on a principled account of the semantic structure and the specific contribution of logical elements to it., Tato závěrečná studie věnovaná kvantifikačním účtům důsledků a souvisejících logických vlastností se zabývá modelovým teoretickým popisem (MTA). V odezvě na námitky zpochybňující jeho intuitivní přiměřenost se tvrdí, že MTA nemá za cíl analyzovat ,,údajný'' intuitivní pojem důsledků, ale má za cíl formálně rekonstruovat jeden specifický sémantický účet, podle kterého platné argumenty zachovávají pravdu na základě svého logika. -semantická struktura a bez ohledu na jednotlivé sémantické hodnoty nelogické slovní zásoby. Tak koncipovaný, MTA je pravděpodobně nadřazený nějakému jinému kvantifikačnímu účtu, být založený na principiálním popisu sémantické struktury a specifickém příspěvku logických elementů k tomu., and Ladislav Koreň
In this paper I discuss two objections raised against von Fintel’s (1994) and Stanley and Szabó’s (2000a) hidden variable approach to quantifier domain restriction (QDR). One of them concerns utterances of sentences involving quantifiers for which no contextual domain restriction is needed, and the other concerns multiple quantified contexts. I look at various ways in which the approaches could be amended to avoid these problems, and I argue that they fail. I conclude that we need a more flexible account of QDR, one that allows for the hidden variables in the LF responsible for QDR to vary in number. Recanati’s (2002; 2004) approach to QDR, which makes use of the apparatus of ''variadic functions'', is flexible enough to account successfully for the two phenomena discussed. I end with a few comments on what I take to be the most promising way to construe variadic functions., V tomto článku se zabývám dvěma námitkami vznesenými proti von Fintel (1994) a Stanleymu a Szabóovi (2000a) skrytému proměnnému přístupu k omezení kvantifikátoru domény (QDR). Jedna z nich se týká výpovědí vět zahrnujících kvantifikátory, pro které není nutné kontextové omezení domény, a druhá se týká více kvantifikovaných kontextů. Podívám se na různé způsoby, jak by tyto přístupy mohly být změněny, aby se těmto problémům vyhnuly, a tvrdím, že selhávají. Z toho vyvozuji, že potřebujeme flexibilnější účet QDR, který umožňuje, aby se skryté proměnné v LF zodpovědném za QDR lišily v počtu. Recanatiho (2002; 2004) přístup k QDR, který využívá aparátu ,,variadických funkcí'', je dostatečně pružný, aby úspěšně odpovídal za dva diskutované jevy., and Andrei Moldovan
Incipient motion is the critical condition at which bed particles begin to move. Existing relationships for incipient motion prediction do not consider the effect of seepage. Incipient motion design of an alluvial channel affected from seepage requires the information about five basic parameters, i.e., particle size d, water depth y, energy slope Sf, seepage velocity vs and average velocity u. As the process is extremely complex, getting deterministic or analytical form of process phenomena is too difficult. Data mining technique, which is particularly useful in modeling processes about which adequate knowledge of the physics is limited, is presented here as a tool complimentary to model the incipient motion condition of alluvial channel at seepage. This article describes the radial basis function (RBF) network to predict the seepage velocity vs and average velocity u based on experimental data of incipient condition. The prediction capability of model has been found satisfactory and methodology to use the model is also presented. It has been found that model predicts the phenomena very well. With the help of the RBF network, design curves have been presented for designing the alluvial channel when it is affected by seepage. and Návrh aluviálneho kanála s ohľadom na iniciáciu pohybu dna koryta, ovplyvneného priesakom vyžaduje informáciu o piatich základných parametroch: veľkosti častice d, hĺbke vody y, sklone čiary energie Sf, rýchlosti priesaku vs a priemernej rýchlosti prúdenia u. Pretože proces je extrémne zložitý, získať deterministickú alebo analytickú formu riešenia je ťažké. Príspevok opisuje získavanie údajov (data mining technique), bežne používané pri modelovaní. Opisuje aj sieť tzv. ''radial basis function (RBF)'' na prognózu rýchlosti priesaku vs a priemernej rýchlosti u; výpočet je založený na experimentálnych hodnotách v štádiu začínajúceho sa pohybu častíc v koryte. Bola konštatovaná dobrá schopnosť modelu prognózovať začínajúci pohyb; je uvedená tiež metodológia používania modelu. Bolo zistené, že model predpovedá uvedené javy veľmi dobre. Je tu opísaný návrh aluviálneho kanála ovplyvneného priesakom pomocou návrhových kriviek vytvorených pomocou siete RBF.
According to a classic position in analytic philosophy of mind, we must interpret agents as largely rational in order to be able to attribute intentional mental states to them. However, adopting this position requires clarifying in what way and by which criteria agents can still be irrational. In this paper I will offer one such criterion. More specifically, I argue that the kind of rationality methodologically required by intentional interpretation is to be specified in terms of psychological efficacy. Thereby, this notion can be distinguished from a more commonly used notion of rationality and hence cannot be shown to be undermined by the potential prevalence of a corresponding kind of irrationality. and Podle klasické pozice v analytické filozofii mysli musíme interpretovat agenty jako velmi racionální, aby jim bylo možno přiřadit úmyslné duševní stavy. Přijetí tohoto postoje však vyžaduje vyjasnění toho, jakým způsobem a jakými kritérii mohou být agenti stále iracionální. V tomto článku nabídnu jedno takové kritérium. Konkrétněji argumentuji, že druh racionality, který je metodologicky vyžadován záměrným výkladem, musí být specifikován z hlediska psychologické účinnosti. Tímto způsobem lze tento pojem odlišit od běžně používaného pojetí racionality, a proto nemůže být prokázán, že je podkopán potenciální prevalencí odpovídajícího druhu iracionality.
This paper presents an analysis of trends and causes of changes of selected hydroclimatic variables influencing the runoff regime in the upper Hron River basin (Slovakia). Different methods for identifying trends in data series are evaluated and include: simple mass curve analysis, linear regression, frequency analysis of flood events, use of the Indicators of Hydrological Alteration software, and the Mann-Kendall test. Analyses are performed for data from two periods (1931-2010 and 1961-2010). The changes in runoff are significant, especially in terms of lower QMax and 75 percentile values. This fact is also confirmed by the lower frequency and extremity of flood events. The 1980s are considered a turning point in the development of all hydroclimatic variables. The Mann-Kendall test shows a significant decrease in runoff in the winter period. The main causes of runoff decline are: the considerable increase in air temperature, the decrease in snow cover depth and changes in seasonal distribution of precipitation amounts., Andrea Blahušiaková, Milada Matoušková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rain gauges, weather radars, satellite sensors and modelled data from weather centres are used operationally for estimating the spatial-temporal variability of rainfall. However, the associated uncertainties can be very high, especially in poorly equipped regions of the world. Very recently, an innovative method, named SM2RAIN, that uses soil moisture observations to infer rainfall, has been proposed by Brocca et al. (2013) with very promising results when applied with in situ and satellite-derived data. However, a thorough analysis of the physical consistency of the SM2RAIN algorithm has not been carried out yet. In this study, synthetic soil moisture data generated from a physically-based soil water balance model are employed to check the reliability of the assumptions made in the SM2RAIN algorithm. Next, high quality and multiyear in situ soil moisture observations, at different depths (5-30 cm), and rainfall for ten sites across Europe are used for testing the performance of the algorithm, its limitations and applicability range. SM2RAIN shows very high accuracy in the synthetic experiments with a correlation coefficient, R, between synthetically generated and simulated data, at daily time step, higher than 0.940 and an average Bias lower than 4%. When real datasets are used, the agreement between observed and simulated daily rainfall is slightly lower with average R-values equal to 0.87 and 0.85 in the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Overall, the performance is found to be better in humid temperate climates and for sensors installed vertically. Interestingly, algorithms of different complexity in the reproduction of the underlying hydrological processes provide similar results. The average contribution of surface runoff and evapotranspiration components amounts to less than 4% of the total rainfall, while the soil moisture variations (63%) and subsurface drainage (30%) terms provide a much higher contribution. Overall, the SM2RAIN algorithm is found to perform well both in the synthetic and real data experiments, thus offering a new and independent source of data for improving rainfall estimation, and consequently enhancing hydrological, meteorological and climatic studies.
The interception was recognized as an important part of the catchment water balance in temperate climate. The mountainous forest ecosystem at experimental headwater catchment Liz has been subject of long-term monitoring. Unique dataset in terms of time resolution serves to determine canopy storage capacity and free throughfall. Spatial variability of throughfall was studied using one weighing and five tipping bucket rain gauges. The basic characteristics of forest affecting interception process were determined for the Norway spruce stand at the experimental area - the leaf area index was 5.66 - 6.00 m2 m-2, the basal area was 55.7 m2 ha-1, and the crown closure above individual rain gauges was between 19 and 95%. The total interception loss in both growing seasons analyzed was 34.5%. The mean value of the interception capacity determined was about 2 mm. Throughfall exhibited high variability from place to place and it was strongly affected by character of rainfall. On the other hand, spatial pattern of throughfall in average showed low variability.
Rain is not uniform in time and space in semiarid areas and its distribution is very important for the runoff process. Hydrological studies usually divide rainfall into events. However, defining rain events is complicated, and rain characteristics vary depending on how the events are delimited. Choosing a minimum inter-event time (MIT) is a commonly used criterion. Our hypothesis is that there will be an optimal MIT that explains the maximum part of the variance of the runoff, with time to runoff used as a surrogate. The objective is to establish a procedure in order to decide upon this optimal MIT. We developed regressions between time to runoff (T0) and three descriptive variables of rain. Our results show that the optimum MIT is 1 hour, which seems to be the minimum period of time required for water in larger macropores to drain and sufficiently modify the effect of antecedent soil moisture on the runoff generation process. Rain events are classified into three significantly different groups: (1) large and intense rains, (2) light rains on wet soil, and (3) light rains on dry soil. Intense rains produce most of the runoff, but there were significant differences between small events in the runoff generated. Of rain events, 63.75% are single-tip events, and many could be dew.