The paper begins with the question of the participation of human subjects in biomedical research, pointing a way from the first principle of the Belmont Report towards the concept of autonomy as expressed by informed consent. From the use of informed consent in experimental medicine, the paper then moves to the application of informed consent in clinical practice. Further, the paper outlines the cultural and philosophical context of the transformation of medicine into biomedicine from the perspective of human subject research, discussing the concept which has played the key role in the ethical framework of both experimental and clinical medicine in the Czech Republic. Finally the paper provides some critical notes on the concept of informed consent and its practice in Czech healthcare., Josef Kuře., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, porucha pozornosti s hyperaktivitou) představuje z hlediska psychiatrie a psychologie jednu z nejvýznamnějších poruch dětského věku. Přes většinou prezentované multifaktoriální pojetí poruchy vyvolává ADHD kontroverze v terapeutických postupech, jak ve směru preference farmakoterapie, tak ve směru preference psychosociálních intervencí. Autorky popisují teoretické podklady a terapeutické postupy obou směrů a ukazují prospěšnost jejich vzájemného propojení. Kontroverzní postoje vycházejí spíše z osobních zaujetí, než z odborné neslučitelnosti názorů., ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) represents one of the most important disorders in child psychiatry and psychology. Despite multifactorial attitude to ADHD has predominantly been presented, this disorder keeps eliciting controversies in therapeutic approaches, both in psychopharmacological trends and in preferences of psychosocial interventions. The authors describe theoretical basis and therapeutical methods of both trends and show benefits of their reciprocal combination. Controversial attitudes proceed mainly from personal prejudices than from scientific incompatibility of different approaches., Iva Dudová, Jana Kocourková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The paper deals with the concept of criminal thinking or attitudes that has received considerable research attention in foreign countries especially because of its proven relationship to antisocial behavior and potential for changing it through elimination of these attitudes (e.g. Blud et al., 2003; Henning, Frueh, 1996; Walters, 2005b). Nevertheless criminal thinking still remains almost undescribed in the Czech Republic. The aim of this study is to introduce to Czech readers its wide theoretical and empirical background and applicability in praxis. The presented study tries at the same time to overcome terminological confusion and opinion discrep ancies connected with this topic and to reach a useful definition of this concept., Petra Faridová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In the conception of modern bioethics, the concept of autonomy plays a dominant role. Contemporary bioethical discourse in many cases glorifies an approach founded on this principle, and it seems that its role in moral conduct in applied bioethics is considered to be the key to salvation. This article attempts, to a certain extent, to relativise the dominant principle of autonomy, especially in medical ethics, even if it does not deny its indispensability. It points, however, to particular practical aspects which respect for the principle of autonomy, especially in the doctor-patient relation, can influence in a negative way, or can quite negate. As the basic antithesis to theories which found their priority on the axiom of respect to autonomy, the author then presents paternalistic and neo-paternalistic concepts in bioethics which find support, above all, in the principle of beneficence. The argument in this article necessarily demands an outline of the basic properties of paternalism and autonomy. For this reason the article especially focuses on models of the relationships between doctor and patient, that is on medical ethics in the narrow sense., Adam Doležal., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
a1_Ciele. Cieľom tejto kvalitatívne zameranej výskumnej štúdie bolo porozumenie subjektívneho prežívania budovania komunity a jeho popisu vo výpovediach účastníkov Community Building Workshop a Community Building Event (CBW/E) od východiskovej situácie rozhodnutia o účasti na workshope a životnej situácii v tom čase, cez najdôležitejšie momenty workshopu, až po prípadné zmeny u účastníkov v dôsledku tejto skúsenosti. Súbor a metódy. Účastníci z Veľkej Británie, Nemecka, USA a niekoľkí, ktorí neuviedli svoju národnosť, sa zúčastnili workshopov zorganizovaných vo Veľkej Británii a Nemecku a vyplnili sadu troch dotazníkov v anglickom jazyku tesne pred workshopom, tesne po workshope a tri mesiace po workshope. Analyzované boli údaje od 18 účastníkov. Hypotézy. Vzhľadom na to, že išlo o exploračne zameranú štúdiu, neboli vopred stanovené žiadne hypotézy. Analýza. Dáta boli analyzované prostredníctvom Konsenzuálneho kvalitatívneho výskumu (CQR), metódy komplexnej a dôkladnej kvalitatívnej analýzy, ktorá využíva konsenzuálny prístup. Výsledky. Participanti typicky prichádzali na workshop CBW/E s túžbou po osobnom raste, so záujmom o komunitu a jej úlohu v každodennom živote a tiež s nejakou aktuálne prežívanou osobnou záležitosťou. Jadro psychologického zážitku komunity tvorilo zdieľanie, ocenenie a autentickosť. U všetkých analyzovaných prípadoch (18) sa nachádzal pocit posilnenia (empowerment) ako dôsledok účasti na workshope CBW/E. Medzi ďalšie najčastejšie respondentmi výskumu uvádzané zmeny v dôsledku workshopu patrili väčšia schopnosť byť sám sebou, zvýšená sebaúčinnosť a sebaistota, dôvera a akceptácia, práca s vlastnými hranicami a aplikácia získaných poznatkov a zručností v živote., a2_Toto učenie sa u väčšiny participantov výskumu spájalo s prežívaním emocionálneho distresu. Obmedzenia výzkumu. Hlavným obmedzením výskumu bolo použitie písomných, a nie verbálnych výpovedí účastníkov, čo znižuje bohatstvo dát, ktoré môžu byť potenciálne získané od participantov., b1_Objectives. The goal of this qualitatively oriented research study was to understand subjective experience of building community as found in the accounts of Community Building Workshop and Community Building Event (CBW/E) attendants. Subjects and setting. Attendants (n=18) from United Kingdom, Germany, United States and a few with not stated nationality, took part in workshops organized in United Kingdom and Germany. The data were collected by questionnaires prior, at the end, and three months after the workshop. The questionnaire captured participant’s experiences of the enrolment to the workshop, the most important events in the workshop, and the changes perceived as a result of their experience of community building. Hypotheses. Because of the explorative character of the research study, there was no hypothesis stated beforehand. Analysis.T he data were analysed using the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) a method of comprehensive and rigorous qualitative analysis that uses consensual approach to analysis. Results. Participants typically came to the workshop CBW/E with the desire for personal growth, with the interest in community and its role in their everyday life. Sharing, appreciation and being authentic were the core elements of psychological sense of community for the participants. In all analysed cases (18), there was a feeling of empowerment mentioned as a consequence of attendance of the workshop. The most frequently cited changes in attendants lives were greater ability to be authentic, increased self-efficiency, enhanced confidence, trust and acceptance, work with own boundaries and application of an acquired learning and skills in one’s life. The learning was in the majority of our research cases connected with experiencing of some emotional distress. Study limitations., b2_The main limitation was the use of written rather than verbal accounts, which limits the richness of the data that can be gathered., Júlia Halamová, Ladislav Timuľák, Lucia Adamovová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury