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693. Interpretace znalostí v substrukturálních rámcích

Creator:
Majer, Ondřej and Peliš, Michal
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
epistemic logic, logical omniscience, knowledge, substructural logics, epistemická logika, znalosti, logická vševědoucnost, and substrukturální logika
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The article deals with problems of standard epistemic logics with a special at- tention to the context of scientific reasoning and to the problem of logical omniscience. The authors discuss various solutions of these problems and propose a new one based on the framework of substructural logics., Článek se zabývá problematikou standardní epistemické logiky se zvláštním zřetelem na kontext vědeckého uvažování a na problém logické vševědoucnosti. Autoři rozebírají různá řešení těchto problémů a navrhují nové řešení založené na struktuře substrukturální logiky., and Ondřej Majer ; Michal Peliš
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

694. Interpretačný obrat v právnej filozofii

Creator:
Neština, Marek
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
law, philosophy, interpretation, interpretative turn, semantic sting, and legal philosophy
Language:
Slovak
Description:
In this paper the author provides a brief sketch of an interpretative turn in legal philosophy. In Law’s Empire, Ronald Dworkin advances a new theory of law, complex and intriguing. He calls it law as integrity. Dworkin’s conception of legal philosophy consists not in regarding its task as interpretive, for he advances the problem of what he dubbs the ''semantic sting''. The argument purports to establish the thesis that a theory of law cannot be an explanation of the meaning of the word ''law''. He claims that legal theories like H. L. A. Hart’s theory of law cannot explain the theoretical disagreement in legal practice, because they suffer from this semantic sting. The author agrees with Dworkin that Hart’s explanation of law is stung by semantics. It is his Dworkin’s main argument to deny that there is a possible alternative to his way of conceiving the task of legal philosophy. The author argues that the importance of Dworkin’s interpretative turn is not that it provides a substitute for ''semantic theories of law'', but that it provides a new conception of jurisprudence. and Marek Neština
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

695. Interpretation of ponded infiltration data using numerical experiments

Creator:
Dohnal, Michal, Vogel, Tomas, Dusek, Jaromir, Votrubova, Jana, and Tesar, Miroslav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
ponded infiltration experiment, two-parameter infiltration equation, three-dimensional axisymmetric dualcontinuum model, and preferential flow
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Ponded infiltration experiment is a simple test used for in-situ determination of soil hydraulic properties, particularly saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity. It is known that infiltration process in natural soils is strongly affected by presence of macropores, soil layering, initial and experimental conditions etc. As a result, infiltration record encompasses a complex of mutually compensating effects that are difficult to separate from each other. Determination of sorptivity and saturated hydraulic conductivity from such infiltration data is complicated. In the present study we use numerical simulation to examine the impact of selected experimental conditions and soil profile properties on the ponded infiltration experiment results, specifically in terms of the hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity evaluation. The effect of following factors was considered: depth of ponding, ring insertion depth, initial soil water content, presence of preferential pathways, hydraulic conductivity anisotropy, soil layering, surface layer retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity, and presence of soil pipes or stones under the infiltration ring. Results were compared with a large database of infiltration curves measured at the experimental site Liz (Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic). Reasonably good agreement between simulated and observed infiltration curves was achieved by combining several of factors tested. Moreover, the ring insertion effect was recognized as one of the major causes of uncertainty in the determination of soil hydraulic parameters.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

698. Inverse modeling of vadose zone flow processes using squared ε-intensitivity loss function

Creator:
Twarakavi, Navin K. C., Saito, Hirotaka, Šimůnek, Jirka, and Van Genuchten, M. Th.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
vadose zone, inverse problem, insensitivity loss function, vodou nenasýtená pôda, inverzný problém, and necitlivostná stratová funkcia
Language:
Slovak
Description:
An accurate representation of reality in numerical variably-saturated flow models requires reliable estimates of necessary model parameters. Inverse modeling seeks to estimate parameters such as the saturated and residual water contents, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the shape parameters of the soil hydraulic functions, using easily attainable observations of actual or cumulative water fluxes, pressure heads, water contents, and concentrations. The inverse procedure usually combines the nonlinear leastsquares-based (SSQ) parameter optimization method with a numerical solution of the variably-saturated flow and transport equations. The SSQ-based inverse method is however sensitive to outliers. A novel Squared ε-Insensitive Loss Function (SILF) approach is introduced in this study. The SILF approach is inspired by the ε-insensitive loss function proposed by Vapnik (1995). The objective function used in the SILF approach is similar to the least-squares objective function, except that it penalizes only for errors greater than a certain predefined acceptable error term ε. The SILF approach shows an improved performance over the SSQ approach in estimating the soil hydraulic parameters. Apart from providing robust estimates of the soil hydraulic parameters, the SILF approach also gives an approximation of the relative measurement error during sampling. and Presná reprezentácia skutočností v numerických modeloch prúdenia vo vodou nenasýtenej pôde vyžaduje spoľahlivé určenie potrebných parametrov modelu. Inverzným modelovaním sa snažíme o určenie takých parametrov, ako sú reziduálna vlhkosť pôdy, nasýtená hydraulická vodivosť, tvarové parametre hydraulických funkcií pôdy, využijúc ľahko realizovateľné pozorovania momentálnych alebo kumulatívnych tokov vody, tlakových výšok, vlhkostí pôdy a koncentrácií rozpustených látok. Inverzná procedúra obyčajne kombinuje nelineárnu optimalizáciu parametrov založenú na metóde najmenších štvorcov (SSQ) s numerickým riešením transportných rovníc vo vodou nenasýtenej pôde. Táto metóda (SSQ) je však citlivá na náhodné chyby. Nová, necitlivostná stratová funkcia s necitlivosťou ε(SILF), použitá v tejto štúdii, bola inšpirovaná návrhom publikovaným Vapnikom (1995). Optimalizovaná funkcia použitá v prístupe SILF je podobná tej, ktorá sa používa v metóde najmenších štvorcov s tou výnimkou, že táto penalizuje len chyby väčšie ako je určitá preddefinovaná akceptovateľná chyba ε. Pri určovaní hydraulických parametrov pôdy táto metóda SILF preukázala svoje prednosti pred prístupom SSQ. Okrem toho, že metóda SILF dáva robustné odhady hydraulických parametrov pôdy, umožňuje tiež aproximáciu relatívnych chýb merania počas odberu vzoriek.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

699. Investigation of changes in rainfall-runoff process in a hilly basin using different modelling tools

Creator:
Buchtele, Josef, Buchtelová, Marie, and Cissé, Youssouf
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
rainfall-runoff process, land use changes, SAC-SMA, BROOK´90, TOP-model, srážko-odtokový proces, změny ve využívání krajiny, model SAC-SMA, and BROOK´90 model
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Land use change is a phenomenon appearing in many part of world, not only in a local scale, but also at global level. This phenomenon can be resulting from climatic variation or from human activities on the land surface. It is rightfully assumed that the vegetation cover has a key impact on the rainfall-runoff process. For instance induced deforestation may cause disastrous flood; (after the flood in the Odra River and the Morava River basin in 1997 this phenomenon has been frequently disscussed). Among the appropriate tools to study the rainfall-runoff process changes are hydrological models. In the present work, three lumped conceptual models have been used, each emphasizing more or less processes which contribute to the water cycle on the landscape and in deeper zones. The model SAC-SMA, the BROOK´90 and the TOP-model have been used for the investigation in the hilly basin of Vltava River at Lenora. A daily time step has been used for all the models. Although the models have different structures, their results indicate similar tendency in runoff differences. and Změny ve využívání krajiny jsou procesem, objevujícím se v různých místech na Zemi, nejen na lokální úrovni, ale i v globálním měřítku. Proměnlivost odtoku je jednak důsledkem klimatické variability a jednak lidské činnosti v povodí. Všeobecně je uznáván klíčový význam vegetační pokrývky pro vývoj srážko-odtokového procesu. Zejména nucené odlesňování může způsobovat ničivé povodně; to bylo námětem častých diskusí i o povodni na Moravě a Odře v roce 1997. Mezi vhodné nástroje pro zkoumání jeho různých aspektů lze bezpochyby zařadit hydrologické modely. V předkládané práci byly pro daný účel užity tři různé modely srážko-odtokového procesu, zvýrazňující více či méně různé části hydrologického cyklu na povrchu území, či v podpovrchových zónách. V experimentech pro horskou část povodí Vltavy po Lenoru byly pro hodnocení odtokových změn užity modely SAC-SMA, BROOK´90 a TOPmodel. Pro simulace byly k dispozici denní časové řady srážek, odtoků a teplot vzduchu z období 40 roků. I když struktura užitých modelů je odlišná, výsledky indikují jasné a podobné tendence ve změnách odtokových diferencí.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

700. Investigation of seasonal thermal flow in a real dam reservoir using 3-D numerical modeling

Creator:
Üneş, Fatih and Varçin, Hakan
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
real dam reservoir, thermal stratification, mathematical model, density flow, and divergence flow
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Investigations indicate that correct estimation of seasonal thermal stratification in a dam reservoir is very important for the dam reservoir water quality modeling and water management problems. The main aim of this study is to develop a hydrodynamics model of an actual dam reservoir in three dimensions for simulating a real dam reservoir flows for different seasons. The model is developed using nonlinear and unsteady continuity, momentum, energy and k-ε turbulence model equations. In order to include the Coriolis force effect on the flow in a dam reservoir, Coriolis force parameter is also added the model equations. Those equations are constructed using actual dimensions, shape, boundary and initial conditions of the dam and reservoir. Temperature profiles and flow visualizations are used to evaluate flow conditions in the reservoir. Reservoir flow’s process and parameters are determined all over the reservoir. The mathematical model developed is capable of simulating the flow and thermal characteristics of the reservoir system for seasonal heat exchanges. Model simulations results obtained are compared with field measurements obtained from gauging stations for flows in different seasons. The results show a good agreement with the field measurements.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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