The Egyptian army was the actor whose decisions during the Egyptian uprising of 2011 mattered most. Should the army have decided to support the regime, the revolution might have ended, at best, with thousands of casualties; at worst, it might have followed the bloody Syrian scenario of a civil war. Yet, after a long period of waiting and hesitation the military leadership eventually opted to support the demonstrators. In this respects, the underlying aim of this study is to scrutinize the key decision of the Egyptian military not to intervene in favor of Mubarak's regime. By exploring the borader context of the military's role in the Egyptian political and economic life, this study seeks to illuminate not only the army's decision to "betray" Mubarak's regime, but also the controversial performance of the army after the revolution., Helena Burgrová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The short war waged in the autumn of 1962 between India and China for disputed territory in High Himalayas had a long-term devasting effect on the relations between the two Asian powers. The present first part of a study recapitulating the genesis of the dispute and subsequent road to military confrontation maps the origins of the problem in the colonial period of Indian history, with particular focus on changes in British cdecision making in the evolving international context. The one-sided furthering of territorial claims in the absence of a strong and determined adversary led, paradoxically, to parallel exdistence of several alternative frontier lines with no fixed and clearly demarcated border in existence along the extended Indo-Tibetan boundary. The second instalment will follow the developments in the dramatically changed conditions after the emergence in the 1950s of India and China as two strong independent nations., Jaroslav Strnad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
On August 21, 1968, the Soviet and its Warsaw Pact allies invaded the Czechoslovak Republic, after negotiations failed, to prevent Alexander Dubcek´s Prague Spring reforms from continuing. The Soviets mustered thousands of troops from most Warsaw pact countries. The invasion was successful in stopping democratization reforms and strengthening the authority of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. and Jitka Vondrová.
Secularism and state policies toward religion represent one of the most important issues in Turkey aver since the establishment of the republic in 1923. This contribution briefly summarizes the interpretation of secularism a la turca under the Kemalist leadership and highlights the significant changes that have happened in this area under the AKP government of Prime Minister Recep Tayip Endogan after 2002. The AKP's attempts to introduce Islam-based morality into public space waswelcomed by various religious communities while diminished pressure from the state authorities allowed religiously oriented Turkish movements to act more freely. With the AKP's consolidation of power, the Hizmet movement of Fethullah Gülen finally forged a closer alliance with Ergodan's government and so became an important source of political and economic support both in Turkey and abroad. THe article also shows that the "moderate" secularism as experienced under the current government relaxed the pressure on vocational schools for imams and preachers and transformed the understanding of the state Sunni-Muslim "Church" organization (Diyanet) in the eyes of former hard-line Islamists. Secular circles, however, reject these developments and new trends as signs of continuous Islamization., Gabriel Pirický., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The 700th birth anniversary of King of Bohemia (1346-1378) and Holy Roman Emperor (1355-1378) Charles IV has been designated as one of UNESCO´s important world anniversaries for 2016-2017. Throughout 2016, the Sept centennial anniversary will feature a wide array of commemorative events ranging from exhibitions to historical-themed festivities, conferences and celebrations. The Czech Academy of Sciences´ participation is part of the research programs Strategy AV21. Events thus far featured a lecture on "Emperor Charles IV and Master of Theology Jan Hus" February 17, 2016 by Prof. František Šmahel, Czech historian of medieval political and intellectual history, at the Neo- Renaissance Žofín Palace in Prague. It launched a cycle of lectures CAS - Top research in the public interest by prominent Czech scientists. and Marina Hužvárová.
There was a close relationship between the patron of Czech science and the arts and the founder and first president of Czech Academy of Science and the Arts, Josef Hlávka, and one of the most famous Czech composers, Antonín Dvořák. and Tereza Kibicová.
On March 11th, 2008 one hundred years will have passed since the death of Josef Hlavka, one of the most successful entrepreneurs of the 19th century in former Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was a prominent architect and the most distinguished patron of Czech science and the arts and founder and first president of Czech Academy of Science and the Arts, the predecessor of today´s Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The 100th anniversary of the death of Josef Hlávka has been cited by UNESCO as a World Cultural Anniversary. and Josef Pechar.