In the years following the June 1967 War, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict intruded on Lebanese political life. This development, in combination with the demographic and political changes taking place inside Lebanon itself, upset the country's fragile sectarian balance and plunged it into fifteen years of vicious and destructive civil war. The civil war was not an exclusively Lebanese affair; it was precipitated by the Palestinian presence in the country. Support for the Palestinians came primarily from Muslims alienated by the existing system, which benefited the political leaders and their associates but failed to provide basic social services to broad sections of the population. The social and economic grievances of Muslims were compounded by the sectarian arrangements that continued to favour the coutry's Christians., Karol Sorby., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article aims to summarize the main moments of the modernization process of Vietnamese literature, which was triggered by the penetration of the French into Vietnam in the second half of the 19th century. It was the press and magazines that played a major part in the transformation of Vietnamese literature as well as translations of Western and Chinese literature that inspired Vietnamese writers in their creative endeavors. The modernization movement culminated in 1925, when first two modern Vietnamese novels were published and Vietnamese literature found its own voice., Mária Strašáková., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury
The author describes religious practise of Rinzai Zen monastery in today´s Japan, its outer form and underlying principles. Japanese Buddhism is organized as a structure of head temples with its subtemples, where resident zen priests perform religious rituals for their parishioners. It is a zen monastery, where religious training of those wishing to become a zen priest takes place. A army-like strictness of Rinzai monastery has its own sense. By rigorous daily regime, minute formal principles, zen meditation and koan practise monk is learning to forget himself and behave according notion of no-self. For a zen monk this means years of self-denying and pain but should finally lead to a kesho (awakening). and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury
The article deals with one of the traditional Sufi rituals, hadra, in the context of the religious practice of the successful contemporary tariqa, or Islamic mystical order, Naqshbandiyya Haqqaniyya. The article is based primarily on my own observations and experiences from field work realized in various Haqqani communities between 2008 and 2009. Apart from the actual ritual of hadra, attention i salso paid to another, rather exceptional ritual connected with a relic of the Prophet Muhammad., Daniel Křížek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This article deals with different interpretations of Salafism. Salafism is most commonly identified with two periods: the classical medieval Salafism associated with the 14th-century scholar Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328), and the Salafism of the 18th-century movements of revival and reform. classical Salafism emerged as theologic and juridical movement in Sunni Islam. however, Ibn Taymiyya influenced modern Salafis by two differents ways. Some strictly followed his traditionalist theology based on Koran and hadith literature and - to some extent - even his call for ijtihad, while others were not strictly following his teachings. These later mentioned were not traditionalist (ahl al-hadith) but rather modernists, who inclined deliberately to more racional interpretation. That is why later Salafis, despite their common use of the term Salafi, represented two movements that were in fact very different. nowadays, only traditionalist Salafism is of significance, being part of Globa Islam., Pavel Ťupek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
A Jewish poet Samaw´al ibn ´Adya´ lived in the middle of the sixth century in the oasis Tayma in Hijaz. From the Jewish poetry of this period survived very little, and so Samaw´al´s poetry offers a few glimpses of the Jewish tribal life. His poetry is basically similar to that of Arabs or Bedouins. On the one hand it chants the glory and pride of the poet´s tribe, i.e. traditional topic of the Bedouin poetry, but on the other hand introduces also religious themes such as creation and death of men, resurrection, the Day of Judgment etc., a foreign feature in the traditional desert poetry, which was fostered later by Arab urban poets. The article contains a translation of two of Samaw´al´s poems., Daniel Boušek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury