The article traces the role and image of the wood and the tree in the culture of Ancient China as emerging from the transmitted literature of the Warring States period. Although this topic has already been touched upon in some previous studies, such as Mark Elvin's The Retreat of the Elephants, no comprehensive description based on at least nearly exhaustive systematization of respective data available to us in primary sources has been presented yet, especially for trees. In this paper, virtually all recorded modes of approaching the phenomena by the learned men of the Warring States are summarized and supplied with extensive reference to ancient texts. Apart from other issues, it clearly demonstrates that the skeptical stance to ancient Chinese love for nature and to the ecological ethos of traditional Chinese culture is highly justified., Lukáš Zádrapa., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In the history of Czechoslovakia, "normalization" is the name given to the period from the 1969 to the 80´s. It was characterized by initial restoration of which was led by Alexander Dubček (1968-1969) and subsequent preservation of this new status quo. Normalization is sometimes used in a narrower sense to refer only to the period between 1969 and 1971. When Gustav Husák became the leader of the KSČ in place of Alexander Dubček in April 1969 after the military intervention of Warsaw Pact armies, his regime acted quickly to "normalize" the country´s political situation. and JIří Hoppe.
Almost any Czech you ask about the most significant years containing "eight" in Czech history would be able to name at least three: 1918, 1938 and 1968. It is indisputable that all of these historic milestones were of great importance to the fate of out nation. The last three articles are thematically focused on the politics of our statesmen Masaryk, Beneš or Štefánik during the Christmas. and Josef Harna.
The Munich Agreement was a pact regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders of Czechoslovakia, mainly inhabited by Czech Germans. The agreement was discussed among representatives of major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia leaders. After a conference held in Munich in 1938 the agreement was signed in the early hours of September 30. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia in the face of territorial demands made by German dictator Adolf Hitler. The agreement, signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain, and Italy permitted German annexation of Czechoslovakia´s Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, since most of its border defenses were situated there. and Jan Němeček, Jan Kuklík.
We recall the sixtieth anniversary of the communist putsch in Czechoslovakia. On 25 February, the Communist Party seized control of government of Czechoslovakia and its totalitarian regime was dominant until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. and Jiří Kocian.
Jedním z hlavních rysů období politické roztříštěnosti, do níž Čínu uvrhl pád dynastie Han roku 220 n. l., byla vzrůstající tendence nomádských etnik zasahovat do záležitostí nástupnických dynastií, jež vyvrcholila ve 4. a 5. století založšením zhruba dvou desítek nehanských státních útvarů na bývalém území říše. Spletité a často nepřehledné dějiny tohoto období jsou v mnoha ohledech svědectvím konfrontace dvou zcela odlišných civilizačních okruhů, odrážejí však i jejich vzájemné ovlivňování. Proměnlivá zahraničněpolitická situace, nezvyklá pro obě strany, kladla velké národy na schopnost přizpůsobit se nových poměrům. A tato potřeba se nevyhnula ani tradičním institucionálním pilířům čínského státu. Příkladem může být systém titulární šlechty a udělování šlechtických titulů kmenovým vládcům nehanských etnických skupin dlouhodobě usazených na území říše. Ačkoli se tato praxe na první pohled zdá být v souladu se zavedeným systémem, charakter i okolnosti udělení těchto titulů se v mnohém liší od šlechtických hodností udělovaných zasloužilým poddaným říše a jsou výrazem specifických potřeb dvora uzavřít strategické spojenectví či získat symbolický kapitál stvrzující jeho legitimitu. Tento článek si klade za cíl objasnit na příkladu dynastie Jin (226-420) praktické a vysoce symbolické využití systému udělování šlechtických hodností jakožto užitečného nástroje diplomacie a zahraniční politiky, který odráží proměny postojů a strategií dvora vůči nomádům ohrožujícím jeho zájmy., The collapse of the central authority after the fall of the Han Dynasty inevitably led to profound transformation of many imperial institutions. The unstable political situation demanded a flexible handing of the traditional systems as well as an ability to redefine crucial institutional concepts relating to imperial authority in order to find new or additional sources of political legitimacy. One of these newly defined institutions was the system of titled nobility. With the growing importance of non-Han ethnic groups, whose military capabilities might make them both valuable allies as well as potentially formidable foes, the court tried hard to win their support through the bestowal of high noble dignities on their leaders. To a certain degree, these bestowals followed well-established Han practice, yet the whole system was much more institutionalized as a means of integrating potentially hostile forces into the realm ruled over by the imperial authority. The article focuses on the Jin Dynasty (266-420 A.D.) and documents the utility and flexibility of the practice, stressing the symbolic meaning of the bestowals as a useful means of diplomacy and legitimitazion, thus mirroring the immediate strategic needs of the court in its power struggle with rival nomadic regimes., Jakub Hrubý., and Obsahuje bibliografii