The paper deals with the topical issue of families in which mothers do not take parental leave and instead fathers take care of their children. The paper is based on a set of qualitative interviews with five couples. Whereas mothers are perceived routinely as naturally child-rearing person in a couple who give up her labour activity, interviewed women decided to continue working while their partners stay at home and takes care of baby. These women experienced negative reactions of other mothers and society as a whole against them because they prefered their jobs and carriers to the family. Respondents regarded that their role of mother was weakened as well as their feminine identity. However fathers are positively perceived in the society, because they can maintain different social role from traditional breadwinner. As a result, it can cause some difficulties for these women who can experience better opportunities on the labour market but more inequalities in social relations.
V loňském roce vyšel v Časopise zdravotnického práva a bioetiky článek Skalpel a duše (č. 1/2013, autorka Andrea Baršová), který se zabýval proměnami vztahu společnosti a práva k transsexualitě. O několik měsíců později přinesla světová média zprávu o „uznání třetího pohlaví“ v Německu. Novinka s obsahem citovaného článku souvisí. Stejná linie myšlení, která vedla k upuštění od nucených zásahů do těla u transsexuálů, má zde svoji paralelu v přístupu k intersexuálním lidem. Předkládaný příspěvek shrnuje dosavadní přístupy k intersexualitě a seznamuje s nejnovějším vývojem v Německu, zemi s výrazným hnutím intersexuálních lidí, a na mezinárodní úrovni. Malá změna v německém právním řádu, a sice možnost neuvést v matriční knize narození pohlaví dítěte, má zatím k uznání jiného pohlaví daleko. Zpráva Německé etické rady z roku 2012, která německé zákonodárce ke změně vedla, a probuzený zájem mezinárodních lidskoprávních organizací o toto téma jsou však zřetelnými signály nastupující paradigmatické změny v přístupu k intersexuálním lidem v naší kultuře. and A year ago, the article by Andrea Baršová Skalpel a duše (Scalpel and the Soul), which addressed recent transformation of societal and legal attitudes towards transsexuals, was published by the Journal of Medical Law and Bioethics (1/2013). A few months later, media worldwide released news on the recognition of third sex in Germany. This development is linked to the published article. The same line of thinking, which led to abandonment of enforced medical interferences in the bodies of transsexuals (in order to recognise their gender change), has here its parallel in current attitudes towards intersex people. This article sums up existing approaches to intersex individuals and discusses newest developments in Germany, a country with strong intersex movement, and on the international level. A small change in the German law, namely an option to leave open the entry for sex in birth registers, is far from legal recognition of other sex as such. However, the 2012 Report of the German Ethical Council, which inspired German lawmakers, as well as the awakened interest of the international human rights organisations are clear signals of a paradigm shift in attitudes towards intersexuals.
The paper examines the demographic situation in contemporary Czech society and its roots in the past. In the late 20th century there are two key development trends. Demographic model originated in 195Os (characterized by high fertility rates, high marriage rates (95%), high divorce rates (40%), low marriage age and so on) was left after the decline of socialism and the revival of original interwar model has occurred since early 1990s. The second trend is approximating to the model of reproduction usual in Western Europe. This new ways of reproduction are characterized by postponing the marriage and parenthood, so called informal partnerships or unmarried (consensual) couples are becoming more frequent which also results in a growing number of birth of extra-marital children. The increase of divorce rates occurs and hence both numbers of incomplete families and of households including just one individual constantly grow. The improved medical care and healthier regime have led to longer life expectancies over the last fifteen years. The infant mortality figure has further improved. The author concludes that population development significantly influences current economic, health, legal, environmental and political conditions which create together a social environment where the demographic development occurs.
The paper relects on the gender speciic nature of private and public spheres as discussed in feminist discourses in European and American contexts. Its aim is to explore the potential of the concepts of public and private in analysing the issue of reconciliation of work and family, connected with women’ presence in the public sphere, with the hierarchy between the public and private and with the gender power asymmetry. he public and private as analytical constructs are helpful in moving beyond the individual level and understanding the social-political structure and historical context. These categories characterize diferent value systems with a hierarchical relation connected with the construction of ‘two genders’ and gendered division of work. he paper also focuses on the concept of women’s emancipation, its justiication and understanding of equality, and concrete changes in women’s life. Women’s experience of their ‘double existence’ in the public and private life is thematized as a question of reconciliation of work and family with some period particularities. Diferences in forming men’s and women’s identiies during modernity depending on their experience in the two diferent worlds are shown as relevant., Zuzana Kiczková., Poznámky na s. 23, Obsahuje bibliografii, and Abstrakt anglicky