This article deals with different interpretations of Salafism. Salafism is most commonly identified with two periods: the classical medieval Salafism associated with the 14th-century scholar Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328), and the Salafism of the 18th-century movements of revival and reform. classical Salafism emerged as theologic and juridical movement in Sunni Islam. however, Ibn Taymiyya influenced modern Salafis by two differents ways. Some strictly followed his traditionalist theology based on Koran and hadith literature and - to some extent - even his call for ijtihad, while others were not strictly following his teachings. These later mentioned were not traditionalist (ahl al-hadith) but rather modernists, who inclined deliberately to more racional interpretation. That is why later Salafis, despite their common use of the term Salafi, represented two movements that were in fact very different. nowadays, only traditionalist Salafism is of significance, being part of Globa Islam., Pavel Ťupek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
A Jewish poet Samaw´al ibn ´Adya´ lived in the middle of the sixth century in the oasis Tayma in Hijaz. From the Jewish poetry of this period survived very little, and so Samaw´al´s poetry offers a few glimpses of the Jewish tribal life. His poetry is basically similar to that of Arabs or Bedouins. On the one hand it chants the glory and pride of the poet´s tribe, i.e. traditional topic of the Bedouin poetry, but on the other hand introduces also religious themes such as creation and death of men, resurrection, the Day of Judgment etc., a foreign feature in the traditional desert poetry, which was fostered later by Arab urban poets. The article contains a translation of two of Samaw´al´s poems., Daniel Boušek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article surveys the ways science was thematized as a sociological subject. It starts with the reflections on knowledge and science in the Enlightenment, further reviews the main contributions of Comtean philosophy and sociology of science, stresses Merton’s role in making the traditional sociology of knowledge open to empirical research, and traces the subsequent development of the field: the progress of quantitative analyses and ethnographic researches of science, the Kuhnian turn towards historicizing and Foucaultian turn towards the politics of science, the evolution of cognitive sociology of science, as well as the inspirations drawn from works of Bloor, Barnes, and Latour., Miloslav Petrusek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Japanese personal names reflect the period in which thex were given, revealing the social attitudes and values of that time. In contemporary Japan names bear witness to the growing emphasis on individualism and uniqueness. This paper describes the rather difficult process of choosing the perfect name for one´s child, and analyzes the newly evident characteristic features of current personal names., Ivona Barešová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Soviet Central Asia served during the Stalinist era as one of the regions where politically unreliable persons where exiled by the communist regime. Some of them were people of extraordinary merits both scientific or artistic. Exile in harsh conditions of Central Asia steppes should have been detrimental to their further activities. But as the life stories of three different personalities show here (Klaudiya Antipina, Anna Pankratova and Igor Savitsky), even difficult and hostile environment does not stop truly creative and open mind to continue in the search for new discoveries and new accomplishments., Martina Varkočková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article deals with changes in the social status of women, their civil rights and women's activism in iran. The text focuses primarily on the period after the establishment of the Islamic Republic and the implementation of Sharica law. The situation and the rights of women have undergone change in the past three decades in connection with politics and the interests of the Islamist regime. Because of several limitations in relation to the rights of women, Iranian women have sought to influnce public opinion and to change laws through various women's journals and also through their professions. Female politicians have tried to change the system from inside by influencing the laws concerning women's issues and they have stood as candidates in parliamentary elections, even wanting to stand as candidates in presidential elections. The growing activism of Iranian women has been obvious, expecially since the 1990s, and it reached its peak during the post-election protests of June 2009, following the allegedly manipulated presidential elections., Martina Ponížilová., and Obsahuje bibliografii