This article examines the thoughts of Ali Abd al-Raziq, an important Egyptian scholar and author of a book called Islam and the Bases of Rule (al-Islam wa Usul al-Hukm), published in 1925. In this work, Abd al-Raziq presented fundamental arguments in support of the separation of religion and politics, which were fully supported by a very original analysis of Islam's holy text, the Quran, as well as by the historical situation of the Muslim community at the time of the Prophet Muhammad. Although the publication of this book caused a great scandal in Egypt, with its author being forced to withdraw from Egyptian public life for quite a long period of time, the arguments contained in the book represent an important contribution to the debates about the desirable degree of linkage between Islam and politics in the Muslim world., Jan Kondrys., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Czechoslovak Oriental studies were founded as a result of the lifework of Alois Musil, a Czech researcher of rural Moravian origin. In the independent Czechoslovak Republic President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk played a profound role in influencing Musil´s important decisions and subsequent actions. In 1919, after the destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Musil wanted to leave Vienna and continue his lectures at Charles University inPrague. This resulted in a political campaign against him. Musil was criticized by nationalistic circles in Prague, which induced the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs to inquire of the French and British governments as to whether they might have any objections to Musil´s appointment as a tenured professor, given his activities during the war. Britain and France had no objections and in January 1920 Alois Musil was appointed Professor of Oriental sciences and modern Arabic at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University in Prague., Pavel Žďárský., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This article deals with the events during the so-called Arab Spring (or Domino) in Jordan since the beginning of 2011. Jordan (same as many other Arab states) had to cope with revolutionary atmosphere inspired by Tunisian revolution (since December 2010). This article describes which groups of Jordanian population and with which demands joined several-month popular protests and uprisings. Last year´s events are then explained on the background of the development of Jordanian politics. Great part of the articles exercises certain demands for reform in connection with tension between different parts of Jordanian society (Palestinians, Bedouins etc.). The end of the article summarizes success of Jordanian reformist movement so far., Martina Ponížilová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The Czech architect Jan Letzel (1880-1925) became world-renowned thanks to his buildings designed in Japan. His architectural masterpiece, the Hirshima Prefecual Commercial Exhibition Hall (opened to the public in August 1915), partly survived the atomic explosion in August 1945 and thus became the famous Hiroshima Peace Memorial, commonly referred to as the A-Bomb Dome. Less well known is the history of Letzel´s stay in Egypt in 1905-1906. As a member of the khedivial architectural bureau, directed by Fabrizius Pasha, Letzel designed several buildings of which only „the villa of Abd al-Rashima“ is known by name. Letzel admired the ancient Egyptian monuments, especially the pyramids and tombs of Giza and Saqqara, as well as the well preserved limestone gallery quarries in Gebel Hof, and recorded his enthusiastic descriptions and the deep impressions they made on him in numerous letters sent to his mother. All the relevant quotations from his letters are mentioned and comment is made on them., Břetislav Vachala., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The goal of this paper is to refute the old myth that Muhammad Ali purposely created a national army to achieve Egypt´s independence, and that the military service in his army provoked a raise of national consciousness among the Egyptian soldiers. As the author tries to prove, Muhammad Ali wanted neither to create a national army nor to obtain independence of Egypt. Furthermore, since the pasha preferred the Turkish speaking military elites and the service in his army was a dreadful experience for the Egyptians which actually had no desire to fight for his interests, there was no substantial reason for their identification with his armed forces and the raise of their nationalism. In brief, it was Muhammad Ali´s army and not the Egyptian one., Miroslav Šedivý., and Obsahuje seznam literatury