The phrase open access refers to unrestricted online access to articles published in scholarly journals. Open Access comes in two forms - Gratis versus Libre: Gratis OA is no-cost online access, while Libre OA offers some additional usage rights. is similar to OA, but usually includes the right to modify the work, whereas in scholarly publishing it is customary to keep an article’s content intact by associating it with a specific author. Open access can be offered in two ways: Green OA is provided by authors publishing in any journal and then self-archiving their post prints in their institutional repository or on some other OA website. Green OA journal publishers endorse immediate OA self-archiving by their authors. Gold OA is offered by authors publishing in an that provides immediate OA to all of its articles on the publisher’s website. and Martin Lhoták, Iva Burešová.
This issue features two articles which deal with the first post-1989 president of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (CAS), Prof. Otto Wichterle. The Academy of Sciences has been observing this year the 20th anniversary of its inception. The Czech chemist and inventor Otto Wichterle is world renowned for inventing the first practicable soft contact lenses. He graduated from the Chemical and Technological Faculty of the Czech Technical University in 1936. In 1939, all Czechoslovak universities were closed down by the Nazi regime. However, he began working at the research institute of the Bath Works which enabled him to continue his research on plastics. Professor Wichterle developed the first Czechoslovak synthetic fiber, to which he gave the name of silon. After the Second World War he continued his university research. However, he was persecuted by the communist regime and in late fifties was fired from his office as dean of the Chemical Faculty. But on Christmas Eve 1961, he produced the first practical soft contact lens on a device he set up on his kitchen table consisting of a gramophone motor and bits from a toy construction set. The Czechoslovak Government sold all rights of the invention to an American entrepreneur for $330,000. Under Czech law Wichterle received one-tenth of one percent of that payment - about $330. Soft contact lenses were introduced by Bausch & Lomb in 1971 and are now worn by about 100 million people worldwide. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Professor Wichterle was fully rehabilitated. He was the president of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences from 1990 till the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992. In 2007, Professor Wichterle was posthumously named to the National Inventors Hall of Fame. and Jan Boháček, Mgr. Marina Hužvárová, Rudolf Zahradník.
On February 15, 2013, an asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere over Russia. With an estimated speed 18 km per second the meteor became a supetolide over the southern Ural region. It exploded in an air burst over Chelyabinsk Oblast creating small fragmentary meteorites and a shock wave. The Interplanetary Matter Department of the Astronomical Institute of the ASCR published a study that calculated the meteor's trajectory in the Solar System and in the Earth's atmosphere. and Pavel Spurný, Jiří Borovička a Petr Pravec.