The contents of chlorophyll (Chl), leaf biomass, and soluble proteins were markedly decreased in phytoplasma infected apple leaves. Similar results were also observed for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, 14CO2 fixation, and nitrate reductase activity. In contrast, the contents of sugars, starch, amino acids, and total saccharides were significantly increased in phytoplasma infected leaves. In isolated chloroplasts, phytoplasma infection caused marked inhibition of whole photosynthetic electron chain and photosystem 2 (PS2) activity. The artificial exogenous electron donor, diphenyl carbazide, significantly restored the loss of PS2 activity in infected leaves. Similar results were obtained when Fv/Fm was evaluated by in vivo Chl a fluorescence kinetic measurements. and M. Bertamini ... [et al.].
We investigated the factors that impose an upper limit of salinity tolerance to the unicellular freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Above approx. 0.4 M NaCl, Synechococcus cells cease to proliferate, after having accumulated 0.3 M sucrose. Cells that pre-accumulated sucrose could tolerate up to 0.5 M NaCl, but not 0.6 M NaCl. After exposure to 0.5 M NaCl or higher, the cells were irreversibly modified becoming unable for osmotic volume adjustments. and N. P. Ladas, G. C. Papageorgiou.