Professor Bedřich Hrozný (*May 6, 1879, Lysá na Labem - †December 12, 1952 Prague) is founder of Hittitology. He served for many years as Rector of Charles Univerzity in Prague and he deciphered the Hitttie cuneiform language. He is mostly known as and Old Oriental philologist, but he considered himself to be a historian. Through Hittitology, he unraveled history of a significant ancient empire. Throughout 1924 and 1925, Hrozný undertook the first Czechoslovakian archaelogical research in the Orient – in Syria and Turkey. The first excavation took place on April 4th, 1924 at the mound of Shech Sa´ad near Damascus. In northern Syria, he was also engaged in searching for new archaelogical sites – many times, he even risked his life. Further archaelogical excavations in Syria began on October 17th, 1924 at the moundof Tell Erfad situated southward from the city of Aleppo. Bedřich Hrozný was in his archaelogical works successful and he was allowed to keep and carry away from Syria a part of found artefacts. Nevertheles, he also put aside some of the archaelogical findings without the knowledge of the Syrian authorities. The findings were sent to Beirut, from where, they were trasported as a diplomatic consignment through the Italian city of Trieste to Prague. Many archaelogists from other countries did it the same way, so we shouldn´t look at Hrozný down our noses for this, as he did not do it for himself, but for the science., René Kopecký., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
First printing press on Indian soil was established in Serampore in 1800. It marked the beginning of the end of the ancient manuscript tradition in Bengal and in whole India. This paper briefly outlines the history of manuscripts in India (their writing, collecting and conservation), from the beginnings hidden in the mist of speculations up to the modern age. Main part of the paper is dedicated to the description of the variety of materials and techniques which were used to create manuscripts, and to the description of scribes who made them. At the end the paper outlines the ways of perception of manuscripts in the society and their position in rituals., Ondřej Himmer., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The Czech structuralist Vladimír Skalička belongs to eminent language typologists of the 20th century. His epoch-marking contribution deals primarily with Hungarian, yet in a relatively extensive paper, Skalička investigated typology of Modern Chinese as well, and repeatedly referred to Chinese in his later works considering it a classical example of a polysynthetic language. Such classification deliberately contradicted the both then and now widely accepted view that Chinese is a typical isolating language. Not only that his thesis did not compel specialists in Chinese linguistics – the very attempt of this famous scholar has fallen into oblivion and has, in fact, never been reflected upon by sinologists in any proper way. The present article aims to at least partially compensate for this negligence., Lukáš Zádrapa., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Dalit literature does not avoid motifs of „the call of nature“ and of removing human excrements. Some Dalit writers also use a very informal language, applying ordinary words, which could appear vulgar in another context. However, large sections of the Dalits have been for centuries and generations connected with ritually as well as physically unclean sorts of work. So Dalit writers write about Dalit life and keep their colloquial language, often expressing anger and a specific social criticism. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This article deals with the history of the Funj Kingdom in Sudan (1504-1821). At the beginning the most important indigenous and foreign primary sources from this period are outlined. Then follows a brief description of the previous period. The main focus of the article is on political history of the Funj Kingdom which may be periodized into four main phases. The first was the era of unlimited domination of the Funj in the 16th century. The next century was marked by Funj-Abdalláb dualism. In the 18th century two important processes took place - disintegration of the kingdom and a breakdown of Funj institutions. The last phase of the kingdom´s history was the Hamaj regency (1762-1821). The fragmented Funj Kingdom was at the end of this period an easy prey for the Turko-Egyptian invasion led by Muhammad Alí´s son Ismáíl Kámil Pasha in 1820-1823., Emanuel Beška., and Obsahuje seznam literatury a poznámky
Ghost and demons of ancient Mesopotamia played a significant role in the daily life of common people where they acted as one of the main causes of illnesses and othe misfortune. Medical texts therefore appear as an important source that gives us insight into these malevolent forces. The article present selected ghosts, demon Lamaštu, demon Lilû/Lilītu/ Ardat-lilî, demon rābisu, demon Šulak and demon gallû from the perspective of medical texts – especially diagnostic and prognostic series SA.GIG and therapeutical texts. It tries to assign particular ghosts and demons to the specific health problems. Although the symptoms often overlap and the whole systém of sorting is not entirely clear, the effort of Mesopotamian physicians is evident: the systematic classification of diseases (and symptoms) according to the type of difficulties using the names of ghosts and demons. The article reflects the conception of ghosts and demons as a cause of diseases as well and presents several remarkable examples of healing rituals for their repulse., Veronika Sobotková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury