The article focuses on gender aspects of globalisation and global restructuring and criticises the masculine bias of mainstream theories of globalisation. It is aimed at adding a global dimension to Czech gender studies. It looks at the way in which globalisation is gendered and based on gender ideologies, and how global restructuring affects and change gender systems. Primarily economic globalisation is addressed, and the changes in the organisation of labour globally are examined. Global production is dependent on cheap women's labour in the factories of multi-national corporations in the global south. The process of rendering labour more flexible and informal is associated with its féminisation. Care work and migration are also becoming feminised on a global scale. The article also analyses domestic work performed in the United States and Western Europe by women migrants from developing countries. All these processes are occurring within the context of neo-liberal policies and the changing role of states amidst a global restructuring, which needs to be examined from a gender perspective.
The article deals with the questions of gender policy formation and women's participation in Lithuanian political and civil life. It is based on the results of the EU 5th Framework project 'Enlargement, Gender and Governance: The Civic and Political Participation of Women in the EU Candidate Countries'. Drawing on qualitative data from interviews with women politicians and activists, the article mainly describes gender mainstreaming as implemented through 'transversal' action plans for gender equality. These action plans assign responsibility to different units for the delivery of different objectives. The author points out that 'transversalism' involves no necessary change in policy-making structures or practice, and argues that gender mainstreaming continues to be designated as a distinct or separate policy space in Lithuania. The author also notes that the absence of a stable commitment to gender mainstreaming and the general policy culture of Lithuania are not conducive the evaluation and impact assessment activities in this area.
The genetic variation in low temperature sensitivity of eight tomato genotypes grown at suboptimal temperature (19 °C) and at low irradiance (140 pmol m'2 s**) was assessed at the plant, chloroplast and thylakoid membrane levels. Temperature effects on the thylakoid membrane were determined by measuring the maximum fluorescence (Fp) and the maximal fluorescence rise (ADP) of induction traces of leaf discs at decreasing temperatures (30, 28, ... 0 °C). Two discontinuities were found in Fp versus temperature curves: a low temperature break at ca. 12 °C (LTB) and a high temperature break at ca. 22 °C (FITB). Below LTB, sFp and sDP were determined as the temperature induced changes in Fp, respectively ADP. Chloroplast functioning was determined by measuring net CO2 fixation rate (E^) of leaves. Plant performance was determined by measuring the increase in leaf area and sho ot dry mass in time. Correlations between the various parameters were analysed across the genotypic variation found. Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters were not correlated with plant performance at suboptimal growth conditions. of leaves was correlated with plant performance, but only at ambient CO2. Effects of stomatal resistance on were large. The Chl fluorescence parameters LTB, sFp and sDP could distinguish between tomato genotypes. Nevertheless, the ranking of the genotypes depended on the specific parameter selected, indicating that each parameter assessed a different aspect of the heterogeneous temperature dependence of Chl fluorescence induction. Their genetic variation suggested that the genotypes differed in the organisation and fimctioning of the thylakoid membrane. These differences were not reflected in of leaves or plant performance.
The serf rolls (in German Mannschaftsbücher) were records of all hereditary serfs, which were annually compiled from the second half of the 17th century by the seigniorial offices in a number of Czech estates. They served to keep tabs on the serfs - recording their whereabouts and their fulfilment of obligations to the nobility. The records contained notes on the place of residence and changes in the life of the persons registered in them (e. g. if they left to enter into service or to become an apprentice, if they married or took over a piece of land, and when they died). Although one of the purposes of the serf rolls was to monitor the mobility of serfs, their usefulness for studying migration is limited. The rolls did not consistently record the whereabouts of people outside their place of residence, and people who were not serfs subordinate to the local manor were not recorded in the documentation. The study of migration using the serf rolls must therefore be narrowed to the question of how much of a role migration played in the formation of the age and gender structure of the population in specific localities. A study of four localities in Horní Police in 1710-1725 confirmed that people most often migrated at the age of 20-35 years. People of that age left home most often for the purpose of marriage. Typical for people over 35 years of age was the tendency to remain in one place, and typical for people over 50 years of age was their elimination from the records of the serf rolls, almost exclusively as a result of their death. Children up to the age of 15 tended to move with their parents.
The main heroes in this small study are the people who lived their lives mainly in the middle of the 17th century in small towns and villages in the region of Chýnov which lies in the southeast of Bohemia between Tábor and Pelhřimov. Their lives were filled with countless major events but one of the most important thing was certainly the birth of a child. The coming of every new human being was accompanied by a number of specific activities. Many of them were necessary, others useful and some of them were completely useless. One activity that was constantly a part of the first days of a new bom child’s life was baptism. Although at first glance it may appear that the register of child births is nothing but a long list of names of children, parents and godparents, this is incorrect. Birth registers also represent an important source of valuable information which can be used to estimate, among other things, the movements of people at that time over short distances within a limited geographic space and to observe the influence of various types of administrative units on their lives. The research focused on a territory with three parish churches that, in the middle of the 17th century were part of the Chýnov parish and its two chaplains. This regional complex, encompassing several estates, not only represents an area where people owned land and houses and remained almost immobile, but was also a landscape where for a number of reasons people moved from place to place. While it is clear that these shifts cannot be referred to as migrations, they nonetheless involved important moves motivated by economic, social or other reasons. The act of baptism and everything that it involved can also illustrate its influence, as well as the significance of natural conditions, territorial arrangements, the impact of urban locations on the rural environment and the complexity of Church administration during the period after the Battle of White Mountain.