This article looks at the use of advertising in the non-profit sector, which is a new phenomenon in Czech society. Using the focus group method, the author aims to examine the reception of this type of advertising among various social groups in Czech society. The analysis is based upon the axiom of the dialogic character of every semiotic act. It notes the conditions under which the offer of dialogue from the side of the advertisers, which is conveyed through the advertising campaign, is accepted or refused by the focus group members. In the analysis the respondents did in fact interpret non-commercial advertisement as having dialogic relevance, given their deliberations on who was saying what to whom and why. Special emphasis is placed in the article on methodological issues. It is argued that focus group discussions represent a specific type of communicative situation and, therefore, it is necessary to consider the specifics of this communicative situation when analysing data and interpreting results.
Leaf protein content and net photosynthetíc rate (P^) were estimated at monthly intervals in seven tropical deciduous tree species, námely Chukrasia tabularis, Dolichandrone atrovirens, Eugenia Jambolana, Gmelina arborea, Lannea coromandelica, Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia bellerica firom September 1990 to August 1991. Among the seven tree species examined, Terminalia arjuna exhibited a significant positive correlation (r = 0.81; p < 0.05) between leaf protein content and while in others it was found insignificant.
Field studies with segregating populations under short days showed a significant positive correlation between tuber yield and the light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (Fn) in the 4th leaf from the top, at the tuber formation stage, in two seasons. The leaf area per plant {A) at this stage and also at the tuber bulking stage had a significant positive correlation with tuber yield. The product of PN and A also showed a significant positive correlation with tuber yield at both of these stages, a stronger one than that between tuber yield and A at the tuber formation stage.
Simultaneous measurements of net photosynthetic rate {P^ and fluorescence were taken on flag leaves of fíeld-grown wheat {Triíicum aestivum L., Thlicum durum L.) from anthesis to senescence. By using leaf discs inaintained in saturating CO2 in tlie O2 electrode we found that the electron transport measured by fluorescence, and that calculated from O2 evolution rate were similar througliout the experimental period, which indicated that fluorescence might be ušed to measure the linear electron transport rate. In field measurements on intact attached leaves, the electron transport rate declined less than during leaf senescence, Measurements taken in the aftemoon indicated that the electron transport remained constant during the day while slightly decreased. Thus, in fíeld-grown wheat leaves photoinhibition was not a relevant phenomenon. When the alternativě electron routes were negligible, the increasing discrepancy between Pn and the electron transport during leaf senescence could be explained by an increment in photorespiration rate (Pp), The change of oxygenation to carboxylation ratio (Vq/Vj,) might be caused by increasing resistances to CO2 diffusion in the leaf CO2 lost through photorespiration was about half of that fixed with Pn in the sun-exposed leaves. Yet Pp was lower in the basal part of leaves which mostly grew in shade. Fluorescence coupled with gas exchange proved to be a useful method for evaluation of the photorespiratory losses in field conditions.
As opposed to other trades closely connected with building activities there was up to now little attention dedicated to the cabinet-making. Usually it has been studied on the basis of concrete production of preservedpieces and the trade as such, its organization, the structure of guildproduction, its personal composition etc. has been left aside. From the preserved sources of the guild provenance we can conclude that the main bloom of the guild production, or better to say of some trades (in particular the building ones) in the royal dowry town of Polička had started only after the Thirty-Year War. More numerous trades had made individual guilds, smaller groups of artisans associated and created common guilds. The smiths, cabinet-makers, locksmiths, towel-makers, turners and glaziers of Polička joined into a common „guild of the nine“. Even though the sources relative to this „guild of the nine“ for the given period were preserved in relative abundance (books of the masters, of the journeymen, books of counts, protocols of guild meetings, and also certificates of apprenticeship, certificates of journeymen, masters' certificates), to cabinet-makers refers only a slight portion of them. To obtain further, at least partial knowledge on the activities of cabinet-makers in Polička in the first half of the nineteenth century one must turn to the sourcesproduced by the municipal authorities that contain, among others, confirmations of apprenticeships and the journeymen's wanderings, the petitions for licens e to carry on the trade in the town and especially the petitions for bestowal of the master's right, eventually the records of the process of obtaining this right that in some cases contain also the data on the course of the master's examination or the making of the masterpiece. The cabinet-makers, called also table-makers, represent the main group within the frame of the trades dedicated to the wood-processing. Their constituting into separate guilds falls in general to more recent times then was the case of traditional guild trades (especially the textile and the alimentary ones). The case of Polička shows the proof of this fact. Almost in the mid-nineteenth century, in a complete contradiction to the tendencies that were being enforced in the handicraftproduction, in the time when the guild already passed their zenith and were approaching the final stage of their existence, on February 19, 1849 the cabinet-makers left the common „guild of the nine“ and established an independent table-makers' guild.