The paper comments and elaborates upon five pages of P. F. Strawson’s Individuals (1959, 230 - 234), together with his ‘Entity and Identity’ and ''Universals''. The focus is on Strawson’s understanding of individual non-particulars as types or universals, and on his contention that the most obvious non-particular entities (''well-entrenched non-particulars'') are the broadly conceived artefacts including the works of art. The narrow focus is on the implications of Strawson’s suggestion that ‘an appropriate model for non-particulars of these kinds is that of a model particular - a kind of prototype, or ideal example, itself particular, which serves as a rule or standard for the production of others’ (1959, 233). The paper analyzes the relation between Strawson’s position and the issue of artefacts and their (largely missing) ontology. It also asks about some less obvious affinities between the problem of the non-particulars (and their entrenchment) and Strawson’s concept of a person., Příspěvek komentuje a zpracovává na pěti stranách PF Strawson's Individuals (1959, 230 - 234) spolu s jeho ,,Entity and Identity'' a ,,Universals''. Důraz je kladen na Strawsonovo chápání jednotlivých ne-specifik jako typů nebo univerzálů, a na jeho tvrzení, že nejzřejmějšími nespecifickými entitami (,,dobře zakořeněné nešpecifické'') jsou široce pojaté artefakty včetně uměleckých děl. Úzké zaměření je na důsledky Strawsonova návrhu, že ,,vhodným modelem pro ne-detaily těchto druhů je model konkrétního modelu - určitý typ prototypu, nebo ideální příklad, který je sám o sobě, který slouží jako pravidlo nebo standard pro produkce druhých ''(1959, 233). Článek analyzuje vztah mezi postavením Strawsona a problematikou artefaktů a jejich (převážně chybějící) ontologií., and Karel Thein
The paper aims to explore the model which is trying to explain the nature of aesthetic properties. The starting point for testing a plausibility of aspectualistic solution is a kind of exploration. Aspectualism plays a role between realistic and anti-realistic answer to the question: what are the aesthetic judgments related to? Standard discussions are linked in two directions. The first one presupposes existence of real aesthetic properties or qualities in artworks, thus independent of the human mind. The second, on the contrary, explains our aesthetic judgments as related to aesthetic properties (values) that are constructed in relationship of artwork and recipient, thus dependent on human mind. Both positions have strengths and weaknesses with respect to the different artistic genres and approaches. Aspectualistic strategy offers an explanation which has an ambition to be the solution to this dispute. The paper analyzes this position in the work of Roger Scruton and looks for the answer to the question whether this solution is sufficient and where are its limits, if any., Cílem práce je prozkoumat model, který se snaží vysvětlit podstatu estetických vlastností. Výchozím bodem pro testování hodnověrnosti aspektového řešení je druh průzkumu. Aspektualismus hraje roli mezi realistickou a anti-realistickou odpovědí na otázku: Jaké jsou estetické úsudky? Standardní diskuse jsou propojeny ve dvou směrech. První předpokládá existenci skutečných estetických vlastností nebo kvalit v uměleckých dílech, tedy nezávislých na lidské mysli. Druhá, naopak, vysvětluje naše estetické úsudky týkající se estetických vlastností (hodnot), které jsou konstruovány ve vztahu uměleckého díla a příjemce, tedy závislé na lidské mysli. Obě pozice mají silné a slabé stránky s ohledem na různé umělecké žánry a přístupy. Aspektualistická strategie nabízí vysvětlení, které má ambici být řešením tohoto sporu. Příspěvek analyzuje tuto pozici v práci Rogera Scrutona a hledá odpověď na otázku, zda je toto řešení dostačující a kde jsou jeho limity, pokud nějaké existují., and Ján Hrkút
In this paper, we present an approach to evaluate the hydrological alterations of a temporary river. In these rivers, it is expected that anthropogenic pressures largely modify low-flow components of the flow regime with consequences for aquatic habitat and diversity in invertebrate species. First, by using a simple hydrological index (IARI) river segments of the Celone stream (southern Italy) whose hydrological regime is significantly influenced by anthropogenic activities have been identified. Hydrological alteration has been further classified through the analysis of two metrics: the degree (Mf) and the predictability of dry flow conditions (Sd6). Measured streamflow data were used to calculate the metrics in present conditions (impacted). Given the lack of data from pristine conditions, simulated streamflow time series were used to calculate the metrics in reference conditions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to estimate daily natural streamflow. Hydrological alterations associated with water abstractions, point discharges and the presence of a reservoir were assessed by comparing the metrics (Mf, Sd6) before and after the impacts. The results show that the hydrological regime of the river segment located in the upper part of the basin is slightly altered, while the regime of the river segment downstream of the reservoir is heavily altered. This approach is intended for use with ecological metrics in defining the water quality status and in planning streamflow management activities.
Lagtimes and times of concentration are frequently determined parameters in hydrological design and greatly aid in understanding natural watershed dynamics. In unmonitored catchments, they are usually calculated using empirical or semiempirical equations developed in other studies, without critically considering where those equations were obtained and what basic assumptions they entailed. In this study, we determined the lagtimes (LT) between the middle point of rainfall events and the discharge peaks in a watershed characterized by volcanic soils and swamp forests in
southern Chile. Our results were compared with calculations from 24 equations found in the literature. The mean LT for 100 episodes was 20 hours (ranging between 0.6–58.5 hours). Most formulae that only included physiographic predictors severely underestimated the mean LT, while those including the rainfall intensity or stream velocity showed better agreement with the average value. The duration of the rainfall events related significantly and positively with LTs. Thus, we accounted for varying LTs within the same watershed by including the rainfall duration in the equations that showed the best results, consequently improving our predictions. Izzard and velocity methods are recommended, and we suggest that lagtimes and times of concentration must be locally determined with hyetograph-hydrograph analyses, in addition to explicitly considering precipitation patterns.
The complex environmental research (hydrology, vegetation, soils and ground water) has been carried out in nature reserves, located on the Danube banks within the zone of broad-leaved forests in Germany. Under comparison were terrestrial ecosystems along the regulated and natural rivers. It was established that the weirs, dams with low head of water and small artificial reservoirs affects upon the vegetation and soils of floodplains to be manifested some decades later. A comprehensive analysis of trends in mean annual water level, water flow and the precipitation for the long period revealed the significant influence of natural long-term variability of the water content on the vegetation dynamics in floodplains. The methods, suggested by the authors made possible to assess the after-effects upon floodplain ecosystems due to changes in the river flow regime caused by different hydrotechnical constructions. and V prírodných rezerváciách v blízkosti Dunaja (v Nemecku) v oblasti pokrytej listnatými lesmi bol vykonaný komplexný environmentálny výskum (hydrológia, vegetácia, pôdy a podzemné vody). Porovnávali sa ekosystémy pozdĺž regulovaných a prirodzených tokov. Zistilo sa, že hate a priehrady s relatívne malým vzdutím, ako aj malé vodné nádrže ovplyvňovali vegetáciu a pôdy v záplavových územiach tak, že sa to prejavilo už o niekoľko desaťročí neskôr. Vyčerpávajúca analýza trendov priemernej ročnej výšky hladín, prietokov a zrážok počas dlhého obdobia pomohla objasniť významný vplyv prirodzenej dlhodobej variability obsahu vody na dynamiku vegetácie v zátopových územiach. Metóda navrhnutá autormi umožňuje určiť následné vplyvy zmien vodného režimu tokov spôsobených hydrotechnickými stavbami na ekosystém v záplavovom území.
This paper presents a method for assessing the retention capacity of a floodplain in the course of flooding and for estimating the significance of its water storage for transforming a flood wave. The method is based on two-dimensional numerical modeling of the flood flow in a river channel and in the adjacent floodplains, and is suitable for cases when the morphology of the flooding area is variable and complex, e.g. broad inundation areas with meandering channels. The approach adopted here enables us to quantify the retention capacity for inundation areas of various characters and with various land uses, and provides a tool for estimating the efficiency of possible measures for increasing the water storage capacity of a floodplain. The retention capacity is estimated using an evaluation of a series of detailed flood flow modeling results; the flood wave transformation effect is predicted with the aim of creating a non-linear reservoir model. A parametric study of the floodplain retention capacity for the upper branch of the Lužnice River is presented here, and the results for the current state and for various hypothetical scenarios of changes in geometry and land use are evaluated and compared. and V příspěvku je prezentována metodika pro stanovení retenční kapacity inundačního území při povodňových průtocích a jeho význam pro transformaci povodňové vlny. Metoda využívá dvourozměrný numerický model proudění vody korytem a přilehlým inundačním územím a je vhodná pro případy, kdy charakter nivy je proměnlivý a velmi komplikovaný, např. široká inundační území s meandrujícími toky. Navržený způsob řešení umožňuje kvantifikovat retenční schopnosti niv různého charakteru při různých způsobech využívání a umožňuje případně navrhnout úpravu inundačního území tak, aby transformační účinek při průchodu povodňové vlny byl co největší. Retenční kapacita inundačního území je stanovena na základě výsledků podrobného modelování proudění vody při různých průtokových stavech a transformace povodňové vlny je řešena pomocí iteračního postupu založeného na Bratránkově metodě. V příspěvku je uvedena parametrická studie kvantifikace retenční kapacity nivy na základě vyhodnocení a porovnání transformační schopnosti pro nivu Lužnice v jejím horním úseku pro současný přirozený stav a pro různé teoretické scénáře změněného charakteru a způsobu využívání nivy.
In this work the performance of Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations to predict the flow structure developed by the presence of a sidewall obstacle in a uniform open-channel shallow flow is discussed. The tested geometry was selected due to its important role in several fluvial applications, such as the control of riverbank erosion and the creation of improved ecological conditions in river restoration applications. The results are compared against experimental laboratory velocity fields obtained after Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) measurements. It is shown that the length of reattachment of the separated shear layer generated by the obstacle is well predicted by a Reynolds Stress Model, while classical two-equation models show important limitations. All the performed RANS simulations are unable to properly predict the formation of a secondary gyre region, which develops immediately downstream the obstacle.
Empirical formulae are often used in practice to quickly and cheaply determine the hydraulic conductivity of soil. Numerous relations based on dimensional analysis and experimental measurements have been published for the determination of hydraulic conductivity since the end of 19th century. In this paper, 20 available empirical formulae are listed, converted and re-arranged into SI units. Experimental research was carried out concerning hydraulic conductivity for three glass bead size (diameters 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm) and variable porosity. The series of experiments consisted of 177 separate tests conducted in order to obtain relevant statistical sets. The validity of various published porosity functions and empirical formulae was verified with the use of the experimental data obtained from the glass beads. The best fit was provided by the porosity function n3/(1–n)2. In the case of the estimation of the hydraulic conductivity of uniform glass beads, the best fit was exhibited by formulae published by Terzaghi, Kozeny, Carman, Zunker and Chapuis et al.