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12. "Es ist nicht leichters, als diese Difficultät zu heben...": Tereziánské správní reformy, centralizace monarchie a pojetí české státnosti na příkladu výkonu nobilitační agendy jako výseku majestátních práv české koruny

Creator:
Brňovják, Jiří
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, centralismus, nobilitace, česká koruna, centralism, nobilitation, Czech koruna, správní reformy, český stát, administrative reforms, Bohemian state, Bohemian crown, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
This study examines the possibilities and limitations of centralizing reforms within the western part of the Habsburg monarchy, as illustrated by the problematic issue of ennoblement in the Czech lands. The administrative reforms of 1749 resulted in the administrative union of both state entities in a single whole of (all) so-called Hereditary Lands. They also led to the closure of separate offices at court representing the Czech and Austrian lands, replacing them with a single Directorium in publicis et cameralibus, which took over the ennoblement programme hitherto operated by those two offices. Despite the apparently centralizing tendency of the reforms, this did not extend to any unification of entitlements to ennoblement, which continued to be based on particular ranks and titles specific to either the Kingdom of Bohemia or the Archduchy of Austria. It was not until 1752 that, on the urging of Maria Theresa herself, a unified, legally binding system for dispensing preferment and privilege, including a unified scale of aristocratic titles for all the Hereditary Lands, was introduced. In practice, ennoblement rights in the two state entities remained differentiated as to specific titles up until the early 19th century, when the two systems were superseded by a new Austrian Imperial ranking. Thus one of the last relics of the conception of the Czech Crown Lands as an autonomous historical entity finally ceased to exist., Jiří Brňovják., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

13. "Exclusivism" in international nuclear law: the concept revisited

Creator:
Jakub Handrlica
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
právo, law, international nuclear law, exclusivism, radioactive waste management, nuclear third party liability, transport of radioactive waste, 16, and 34
Language:
English
Description:
The concept of "Exclusivism" is considered to represent one of the most characteristic features of International Nuclear Law. This concept is reflected by regulating matters of uses of nuclear energy and ionising radiation exclusively by distinct principles, that govern legal relations arising in these matters. The concept of "Exclusivism" has been widely reflected in the provisions of international conventions, which have been adopted since the 1960s. This article aims to revisit this concept, taking the most recent developments in international and European law into regard. The article is dealing with the reasons and origins of the concept of "Exclusivism" in International Nuclear Law, with reflections of this concept in existing international treaties and at last but not at least, with most recent tendencies, that aim at jeopardising this concept., Jakub Handrlica., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

14. "Je to boj přírody o život & smrt...": lékaři ve službách Schwarzenbergův letech 1780-1830

Creator:
Grubhoffer, Václav
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Schwarzenbergové (rod), 18.-19. století, dějiny lékařství, history of medicine, schwarzenberští lékaři, Schwarzenbergs' physicians, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
From the 1780s on, the court of the Princes of Schwarzenberg generally maintained four or five personal doctors. These privileged positions were frequently held by individuals who also practised as municipal or county physicians. In their castles in Bohemia the Schwarzenbergs also employed surgeons and apothecaries, and in line with the professionalization of medical care during the Enlightenment they attached great importance to the training of health workers. In the first three decades of the 19th century health care in the context of the Schwarzenberg primogeniture became even more specialized and the number of medical staff on the various Schwarzenberg estates increased. In addition to their own physicians, the Schwarzenbergs also entrusted their health needs to eminent medical experts drawn primarily from the Habsburg court and the University of Vienna and later, from the 1830s on, to many doctors working in the Czech Lands. This study considers the relationship between the high nobility as representatives of social elites on the one hand and the Enlightenment medicalization of society with its professionalization of health care on the other. It maps the structure of medical care within one aristocratic family and their estates and its transformation over a fifty‐year period. It also attempts to discover who the Schwarzenbergs’ doctors were and what socio‐cultural background they came from., Václav Grubhoffer., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

15. "Normative" and "strategic" honorifics use in interactions involving speakers of Korean as a second language

Creator:
Brown, Lucien
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Language:
English
Description:
This paper uses a corpus of 14 hours of recorded interactions to analyze the “normative” and “strategic” honorifics usage of speakers of Korean as a second language. I define “normative” honorifics as usage that reflects recognized “power”, “distance” and “formality” factors. “Strategic” honorifics usage breaks from these norms, is pragmatically “marked” and is motivated by interactional goals. Previous studies into the honorifics usage of speakers of Korean as a second language focus on analysis of “errors” judged against prescriptive norms. However, the current paper adopts an interactional socio-pragmatic perspective and looks at the ideology and specific intentions that underlie second language usage. According to my data, in comparison with native interaction, second language speaker discourse displays less variation according to normative factors but may show more marked strategic alterations. Regarding normative usage, speakers prefer to establish equal relationships and minimize “power” differences. As for strategic use, speakers may alternate honorific levels according to the sensitivity of the situation or the illocutionary force of particular utterances. I explain these differences with reference to conflicting ideologies as to language usage between Korean and “Western” cultures, prevalent during the interview process. I conclude the paper by discussing the implications for Korean applied linguistics.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

16. "Not for housing" housing: widening the scope of housing studies

Creator:
Doling, John and Ronald, Richard
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
comparative housing policy, globalisation, and land markets and housing policy
Language:
English
Description:
Historically, the main focus of the study of housing in advanced economies has been on houses that meet the accommodation needs of households: houses as the main residence of families. In recent decades there has been the growth in the numbers of houses used for purposes other than as a main residence, for example in the forms of the recent global spread of Airbnb and of foreign engagement in housing as an investment tool; alongside a set of ‘for housing’ houses (FHH) another, overlapping, set of ‘not for housing’ houses (NFHH) is emerging. The present paper begins by identifying four types of NFHH, and considers the significance of their growth. It argues that while the NFHH sector is relatively small it has large impacts, and these are such that they challenge housing researchers and policy makers to develop additional ways of looking at housing systems.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

17. "Nymphes plissées" structure of the cuticle of juveniles of some oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida)

Creator:
Smrž, Jaroslav
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Oribatida, cuticular layers, cerotegument, staining, light microscopy, and TEM
Language:
English
Description:
The cuticular structure of juveniles of several oribatids of different families with wrinkled cuticles were compared: Hermannia gibba, Tectocepheus velatus, Scutovertex minutus, Achipteria coleoptrata and Eupelops occultus. Both the surface and internal structures of the "plissée" were studied. Light microscopy revealed several patterns in mites studied with Masson's triple stain and these results were supported by TEM. Although the "plissée" looks similar at the body surface, the structure and ultrastructure differ among groups. Some types of wrinkling is supported by small muscles, probably for changing body shape. Differences in the structure of the cuticle of the prosoma and opisthosoma were observed. The differences in the wrinkling in the cuticle in diferent lines is associated with change in the body shape in response to different moisture conditions.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

18. "Obecný lid nejvíc ziskem k činům se popuzuje": záchrany lidí před utonutím v Čechách na konci 18. století

Creator:
Hudeček, Ondřej
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
utonutí, drowning, Česko, Czechia, zdravotní policie, remunerace, drowning people, remuneration, medical police, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
This article examines the administration of rescue operations to save people from drowning and the distribution of rewards to rescuers in Bohemia during the 1780s and 1790s. Based on documented interrogations and official records, the article looks at the investigatory process, the conditions rescuers had to fulfil in order to apply for a reward from the Bohemian Gubernium, and the role of other actors in this process, such as witnesses and doctors. The study departs from the concept of biopolitics developed by French philosopher Michel Foucault and shows how the state authorities tried to foster mutual solidarity among town dwellers. While Enlightenment thinkers continued to stress the role of "love for human beings" (Menschenliebe), i.e. universal interpersonal solidarity, the elites held the view that the biggest motivation for anyone to save a person from drowning was monetary reward. The aim of the enlighteners, however, was to encourage people to embrace the ideal of "Menschenliebe" and to fully identify with it - hence their emphasis on cases of selfless acts, especially in newspapers and popular literature. Besides that, the article analyses the trend towards the medicalization of society in the Enlightenment period and changes in attitudes to death., Ondřej Hudeček., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

20. "Seeking Glory in the Dunghills": representations of the city in the writings of modern Arab poets

Creator:
Huri, Yair
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
modern Arab poets and literature
Language:
English
Description:
The purpose of this paper is to examine the image of the city as represented and conceptualized in the works of prominent modern Arab poets, mainly since the 1950s. In this article, I will argue that the attitude of these modernists toward the city is characterized by a unique ambivalence. On the one hand, many of them (particularly those who migrated from provincial towns and rural areas to a capital city) unequivocally depict the city or metropolis as a harsh and cruel prison. On the other hand, these same poets recognize the immeasurable possibilites and the immense cultural space the big city offers its inhabitants, especially its poets and artists. Accordingly, a more incisive reading of their works reveals that modern Arab poets are also enthralled and captivated by the modern city. They feel that they have to put up with the metropolis, awe inspiring as it may be, distant from the "firsts sky" as it may be, because it allows them to confront paradox and incongruity, thus eliciting creativity. Therefore, as far as most Arab modernist poets are concerned, having been uprooted from their home village has put them face to face with "the other". In their eyes, it is exactly this challenge to their comfortable and somewhat stolid existence that propels them to the forefront of artistic creation.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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