When dealing with groundwater resources, a better knowledge of the hydrological processes governing flow
in the unsaturated zone would improve the assessment of the natural aquifer recharge and its vulnerability to contamination.
In North West Europe groundwater from unconfined chalk aquifers constitutes a major water resource, therefore the
need for a good hydrological understanding of the chalk unsaturated zone is essential, as it is the main control for aquifer
recharge. In the North Paris Basin, much of the recharge must pass through a regional chalk bed that is composed of a
porous matrix with embedded fractures. The case study regards the role of the thick unsaturated zone of the Cretaceous
chalk aquifer in Picardy (North of France) that controls the hydraulic response to rainfall. In order to describe the flow
rate that reaches the water table, the kinematic diffusion theory has been applied that treats the unsaturated
water flow equation as a wave equation composed of diffusive and gravitational components. The kinematic diffusion
model has proved to be a convenient method to study groundwater recharge processes in that it was able to provide a
satisfactory fitting both for rising and falling periods of water table fluctuation. It has also proved to give an answer to
the question whether unsaturated flow can be described using the theory of kinematic waves. The answer to the question
depends principally on the status of soil moisture. For higher values of hydraulic Peclet number (increasing saturation),
the pressure wave velocities dominate and the preferential flow paths is provided by the shallow fractures in the vadose
zone. With decreasing values of hydraulic Peclet number (increasing water tension), rapid wave velocities are mostly due
to the diffusion of the flow wave. Diffusive phenomena are provided by matrix and fracture-matrix interaction.
The use of a kinematic wave in this context constitutes a good simplified approach especially in cases when there is a
lack of information concerning the hydraulic properties of the fractures/macropores close to saturation.
Molekulový pohled na ideální plyn je vděčným tématem úloh fyzikální olympiády. V tomto příspěvku jsme vybbrali dvě zajímavé úlohy, které byly zadány ve fyzikální olympiádě na Slovensku. Ještě před jejich představením však uvedeme jednu oblíbenou úlohu profesora Ivo Volfa, kterou se snažil studentům přiblížit: Kolik že molekul plynu se nachází v běžně velké nádobě o velikosti 10 litrů?, Ľubomír Konrád, Jan Kříž, Filip Studnička, Bohumil Vybíral., and Obsahuje bibliografii