In this paper the idea of the Loebner contest as a practical implementation of the Turing test is presented. The Brian Plüss’ measure of the degrees of non-cooperation in a dialogue is applied to the dialogues of the Loebner contest. The proposal of a typology of non-cooperative features in the contest’s dialogues is discussed and the reliability of annotation with the use of this typology of features is analyzed. The degrees of non-cooperation of judges and programs for the Loebner contest (editions 2009 – 2012) are presented and discussed. On the basis of the results the role of a judge and the strategies used by programs are discussed for the contest and the Turing test., V tomto příspěvku je představena myšlenka soutěže Loebner jako praktické realizace Turingova testu. Míra míry nespolupráce Briana Plüssa v dialogu se vztahuje na dialogy soutěže Loebner. Diskutuje se o návrhu typologie nekooperativních prvků v dialogu soutěže a analyzuje se spolehlivost anotace s využitím této typologie prvků. Jsou prezentovány a diskutovány stupně nespolupráce soudců a programů pro soutěž Loebner (edice 2009 - 2012). Na základě výsledků se pro soutěž a Turingův test projednává role soudce a strategie používané programy., and Paweł Łupkowski
Normative naturalism is primarily a metaphysical doctrine: there are normative facts and properties, and these fall into the class of natural facts and properties. Many objections to naturalism rely on additional assumptions about language or thought, but often without adequate consideration of just how normative properties would have to figure in our thought and talk if naturalism were true. In the first part of the paper, I explain why naturalists needn’t think that normative properties can be represented or ascribed in wholly non-normative terms. If so, certain prominent objections to normative naturalism fail. In the second part, I consider the objection that normative properties are “just too different” from (other) natural properties to themselves be natural properties. I argue that naturalists have no distinctive trouble making sense of thought and talk involving forms of “genuine” or “authoritative” normativity which can drive a non-question-begging form of the objection.
The recently published new British Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) is a unique hydrological publication, giving guidance on rainfall and river flood frequency estimation in the United Kingdom. The FEH is an outcome of a five-year research programme at the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology in Wallingford. The FEH provides novel statistical and geostatistical methods and new hydrological approaches used for assessing the rarity of extreme rainfall and flood events. The publication is accompanied by software (WINFAP-FEH) and digital data (FLOOD DATA CD-ROM). The procedures are clearly explained, and supporting theory and examples are included. The FEH clearly deserves the attention of hydrologists around the world. The main objective of this review is to provide our hydrological community with a brief description of the major methodological approaches used in FEH for rainfall and flood frequency analysis. and Nedávno publikovaný nový britský Flood Estimation Handbook predstavuje vo svete jedinečnú hydrologicků príručku podávajúcu ucelený návod - smernicu pre odhad návrhových zrážok a prietokov vo Veľkej Briránii. Toto dielo je výsledkom päťročnej intenzívnej práce tímu odborníkov z Institute of Hydrology vo Wallingforde. Do príručky sú implementované najnovšie metódy matematickej štatistiky a geoštatistiky. Autori v nej tvorivo inovujú a dopĺňajú hlavné metodické postupy používané momentálně vo svete pri odhade N-ročných srážok a prietokov. Celý projekt má aj softverovú podobu. Príručka si zasluhuje oprávnenú pozornosť hydrológov a klimatológov, a preto hlavným cieľom tohto článku je aspoň veľmi stručne oboznámiť našu odbornú verejnosť s týmto významným dielom a priblížiť jej najvýznamnejšie metodické postupy analýzy extrémnych zrážok a prietokov.
This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical study of a vertical slot fishway (VSF). A 2-D depth-averaged shallow water numerical model PCFLOW2D coupled with three different turbulent models (constant eddy viscosity, Smagorinsky and k - ε) was used. A detailed analysis of numerical parameters needed for a correct simulation of the phenomenon was carried out. Besides the velocity field, attention was paid to important hydraulic parameters such as maximum velocity in the slot region and energy dissipation rate ε in order to evaluate the performance of VSF. A scaled physical hydraulic model was built to ensure reliable experimental data for the validation of the numerical model. Simulations of variant configurations of VSF showed that even small changes in geometry can produce more fishfriendly flow characteristics in pools. The present study indicates that the PCFLOW2D program is an appropriate tool to meet the main demands of the VSF design.
In this paper, two- and three-dimensional numerical modeling is applied in order to simulate water flow behavior over the new Niedów barrage in South Poland. The draining capacity of one of the flood alleviation structures (ogee weir) for exploitation and catastrophic conditions was estimated. In addition, the output of the numerical models is compared with experimental data. The experiments demonstrated that the draining capacity of the barrage alleviation scheme is sufficiently designed for catastrophic scenarios if water is flowing under steady flow conditions. Nevertheless, the new cofferdam, which is part of the temporal reconstruction works, is affecting the draining capacity of the whole low-head barrage project.
The flow of a solid-water mixture through an upward-facing step in a channel is numerically investigated. The effect of expansion ratio, mean solids volume fraction and particle diameter on the velocity field, pressure distribution and solid volume fraction field is studied. Expansion ratios of 0.50 and 0.67, particle diameter of 125 µm and 440 µm and mean solid volume fraction between 0.05 and 0.20 are considered. Particle density is 2465 kg m-3 . An Eulerian twofluid model is used to simulate the flow. Due to the lack of experimental data, the model was validated by comparison to other numerical investigations and to experimental data about the horizontal pipe case. Afterwards, it is studied the effect of the above mentioned parameters upon the degree of coupling between the phases and the extension of the disturbance region in the pressure and solid volume fraction fields downstream the step. Parameters of engineering interest, such as the reattachment length and the pressure recovery downstream the enlargement, are investigated.
This paper deals with the numerical simulation of spherical particle saltation in a channel with a rough transversely tilted bed. The numerical model presented is based on the 3D model of spherical particle saltation developed by the authors, which takes into account the translational and rotational particle motion. The stochastic method and the concept of a contact zone were used for the calculation of a particle trajectory and its dependence on the bed lateral slope, particle diameter, and shear velocity. The effect of the bed lateral slope results in a deviation of the particle trajectory from the downstream direction. Some examples of the calculation are presented. The trajectories of the saltating particles starting their movements from one point were calculated and it was shown that they are of random character and together create a bundle or fascicle of trajectories. It was found that the centrelines of the bundles can be approximated by the straight lines for low and moderate values of the bed transverse slope, i.e. slopes less than 20°. The angle of deviation of the centreline from the downstream direction increases when the bed lateral slope and/or the particle diameters increase. However, with increasing shear velocity, the deviation angle decreases. Due to the lateral bed slope the particles are sorted according to their size, and the criteria for sorting particles were defined. An example of the particle sorting was calculated and the separable and nonseparable regions were determined. and Studie popisuje numerickou simulaci saltačního pohybu kulovité částice v korytě s příčně skloněným drsným dnem. Předložený numerický model je založen na autory vyvinutém 3D modelu saltačního pohybu kulovité částice, který počítá s translačním i rotačním pohybem částice. Pro výpočet trajektorie částice a její závislosti na příčném sklonu dna koryta, průměru částice a smykové rychlosti nosné kapaliny byla použita stochastická metoda a koncept kontaktní zóny. Vlivem příčného sklonu dna koryta dochází k odchylce trajektorie částice od směru proudu. Trajektorie částic začínajících svůj pohyb v jednom bodě byly vypočteny a bylo ukázáno, že trajektorie jsou náhodného charakteru a tvoří společně svazek trajektorií, jehož osa může být pro nízké a střední hodnoty příčného sklonu dna koryta aproximována přímkou. Vlivem příčného sklonu dna koryta může dojít k roztřídění částic podle velikosti. Bylo spočteno několik příkladů třídění, definováno kriterium třídění a určeny oblasti třídění podle velikosti částic a sklonu dna koryta.
This article presents the numerical modelling of hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes in the seasonal Pathri Rao River, which flows in the Northern part of India. Modelling is made by the coupled application of the hydrodynamic model called TELEMAC-2D and the morphodynamic model called SediMorph. The hydrodynamic model results are validated with the observed data and it has been found that the present model provides reasonable predictions. Likewise, the validation of the morphodynamic model is also presented. For this purpose, the suspended and bed load transport modules are validated separately for four runoff events observed during the investigations. The validation of the former is approached by comparing the depth-averaged suspended transport concentrations against experimental measurements made at the make-shift gauging station and subsequent comparison against experimental measurements. On the other hand, due to non-availability of the observed values on bed load sediment transport, the bed load sediment transport and bed evolution numerical results could not be validated quantitatively and was approached only on qualitative basis. In general, both validations present an acceptable agreement with measurements and scientific facts. Further, this study demonstrates that the coupled TELEMAC-2D/SediMorph system could be used with confidence for practical applications in the Pathri Rao River. and Príspevok obsahuje výsledky numerického modelovania hydrodynamických javov a transportu sedimentov v občasnom toku Pathri Rao, v severnej časti Indie. Procesy boli modelované zdvojenou aplikáciou hydrodynamického modelu TELEMAC-2D a morfodynamického modelu SediMorph. Výsledky modelovania hydrodynamickým modelom boli verifikované s využitím pozorovaných hodnôt; bolo zistené, že model dáva akceptovateľné výsledky. Prezentuje sa tiež verifikácia morfodynamického modelu. Počas epizód odtoku bol transport suspendovaných častíc a častíc transportovaných po dne toku verifikovaný osobitne. Verifikácia transportu suspendovaných častíc bola uskutočnená porovnaním hĺbkovo spriemerovanými koncentráciami suspendovaných častíc s meranými hodnotami na prietokomerných staniciach. Pre nedostatok pozorovaných údajov o dnovom transporte, údaje o ňom a o zmenách morfológie toku mohli byť verifikované len kvalitatívne. Záverom, obe verifikácie dali akceptovateľnú zhodu s výsledkami meraní a existujúcimi vedeckými poznatkami. Okrem toho výsledky štúdie demonštrujú schopnosť zdvojených modelov TELEMAC-2D/SediMorph získavať spoľahlivé výsledky pri aplikácii na rieke Pathri Rao.
Uniform flow in compound channels has been studied in terms of a numerical model, called the NKE model. The model uses the three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with the non-linear k-ε turbulence model. The latter is used for the calculation of the Reynolds stress components responsible for the generation of the secondary currents. This model is based on the SIMPLE technique, and computes the six parameters U, V, W, P, k, and ε using wall functions on a Cartesian grid. The NKE model was used to simulate the compound open channel flows of the UK Flood Channel Facility run 080301 (Shiono and Knight, 1989). The Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) of FLUENT was also used as a comparison. The results obtained have shown that the NKE and RSM models can reasonably predict the primary mean velocity and secondary currents. Although agreement is certainly not perfect in every detail, the main features of the flow are reproduced. The bulging of the contours at the bottom corner of the main channel, the inclination of the contours near the free surface towards the channel centre, and the depression of the maximum velocity below the free surface can be seen. These are consistent with the pattern of the secondary flows, which are mainly formed by two vortices, namely the main channel vortex and flood plain vortex. These vortices, which originate near the main channel-flood plain junction, can be reproduced by the NKE and RSM models. and Štúdia pomocou numerického modelu NKF analyzuje ustálený rovnomerný prúd vody v koryte zloženom z kinety a dvoch symetrických beriem so zvislými stranami. Model využíva tri rovnice Naviera- Stokesa a nelineárny k-ε model turbulencie, ktorý simuluje Reynoldsove napätia, zodpovedné za druhotné prúdy. Tento model, založený na tzv. SIMPLE technike, počíta šesť parametrov U, V, W, P, k a ε pri použití stenových funkcií a karteziánskej siete. NKE model simuloval prúdenie, experimentálne pozorované na zariadení UK Flood Channel Facility ako séria č. 080301 (Shiono a Knight, 1989). Model pre Reynoldsove napätia (RSM) z balíka FLUENT bol tiež využitý na porovnanie. Výsledky ukázali, že modely NKE a RSM sú schopné predpovedať ako základné rýchlostné pole, tak aj vyvolané druhotné prúdenia. Aj keď zhoda s experimentom nie je v každom detaile úplná, hlavné znaky rýchlostného poľa sú zobrazené. Na simulácii možno vidieť zaoblenie rýchlostného poľa v rohoch dna hlavného kanála, sklon poľa v blízkosti hladiny smerom do stredu, ako aj pokles maxima rýchlosti pod voľnú hladinu. Tieto efekty sú v súlade s obrazom druhotných prúdov, ktoré sú tvorené hlavne dvoma vírmi - vírom kinety a vírom bermy. Tieto víry, vznikajúce pri spojení kinety s bermou, môžu byť reprodukované modelmi NKE a RSM.
A finite volume model for two-layer shallow water flow in microtidal salt-wedge estuaries is presented in this work. The governing equations are a coupled system of shallow water equations with source terms accounting for irregular channel geometry and shear stress at the bed and interface between the layers. To solve this system we applied the Qscheme of Roe with suitable treatment of source terms, coupling terms, and wet-dry fronts. The proposed numerical model is explicit in time, shock-capturing and it satisfies the extended conservation property for water at rest. The model was validated by comparing the steady-state solutions against a known arrested salt-wedge model and by comparing both steady-state and time-dependant solutions against field observations in Rječina Estuary in Croatia. When the interfacial friction factor was chosen correctly, the agreement between numerical results and field observations was satisfactory.