This essay deals with the relationship between philosophy of law and philosophy of language. The author closely follows the discussion concerning the determination of the content of the law which has been remarked by current semantics and pragmatics in philosophy of language. According to a view that has considerable currency at present, philosophy of language and linguistics have a direct bearing on the content of the law. The general outlook of this view - the communicative-content theory of law (the communication theory) can be captured in the following way. Legal texts are linguistic texts, so the meaning or content of a legal text is an instance of linguistic meaning generally. It therefore stands to reason that, in order to understand the meaning of an authoritative legal text or utterance, such as a statute or regulation, we should look to our best theories about language and communication., Tato esej pojednává o vztahu mezi filozofií práva a filosofií jazyka. Autorka úzce navazuje na diskusi o vymezení obsahu zákona, která byla v současné době sémantikou a pragmatikou ve filosofii jazyka poznamenána. Podle názoru, který má v současné době značnou měnu, má filosofie jazyka a lingvistiky přímý vliv na obsah zákona. Obecná perspektiva tohoto pohledu - teorie komunikativního obsahu práva ( teorie komunikace) lze zachytit následujícím způsobem. Právní texty jsou lingvistické texty, takže význam nebo obsah právního textu je obecně známkou lingvistického významu. Proto je rozumné, abychom pochopili význam autoritativního právního textu nebo projevu, jako je zákon nebo nařízení, a měli bychom se zaměřit na naše nejlepší teorie o jazyce a komunikaci., and Marek Neština
editoři Stanislava Fedrová, Jan Hejk, Alice Jedličková., Obsahuje bibliografie a bibliografické odkazy, and Část. německý a slovenský text, anglická resumé
Temporal variability of the soil hydraulic properties is still an open issue. The present study deals with results of ponded infiltration experiments performed annually in a grid of permanent measurement points (18 spatial and 14 temporal replicates). Single ring infiltrometers were installed in 2003 at a meadow site in the Bohemian Forest highlands, the Czech Republic. The soil at the plot is coarse sandy loam classified as oligotrophic Eutric Cambisol. Soil water flow below infiltration rings has distinctly preferential character.
The results are marked with substantial interannual changes of observed infiltration rates. Considering just the results from the initial four years of the study, the temporal variability did not exceed the spatial variability detected in individual years. In later years, a shift to extremely high infiltration rates was observed. We hypothesize that it is related to structural changes of the soil profile possibly related to combined effect of soil biota activity, climatic conditions and experimental procedure. Interestingly, the temporal changes can partly be described as fluctuations between seemingly stable infiltration modes. This phenomenon was detected in the majority of rings and was found independent of the initial soil moisture conditions.
This work examines the main features of the flash flood regime in Central Europe as revealed by an analysis of flash floods that have occurred in Slovakia. The work is organized into the following two parts: The first part focuses on estimating the rainfall-runoff relationships for 3 major flash flood events, which were among the most severe events since 1998 and caused a loss of lives and a large amount of damage. The selected flash floods occurred on the 20th of July, 1998, in the Malá Svinka and Dubovický Creek basins; the 24th of July, 2001, at Štrbský Creek; and the 19th of June, 2004, at Turniansky Creek. The analysis aims to assess the flash flood peaks and rainfall-runoff properties by combining post-flood surveys and the application of hydrological and hydraulic post-event analyses. Next, a spatially-distributed hydrological model based on the availability of the raster information of the landscape’s topography, soil and vegetation properties, and rainfall data was used to simulate the runoff. The results from the application of the distributed hydrological model were used to analyse the consistency of the surveyed peak discharges with respect to the estimated rainfall properties and drainage basins. In the second part these data were combined with observations from flash flood events which were observed during the last 100 years and are focused on an analysis of the relationship between the flood peaks and the catchment area. The envelope curve was shown to exhibit a more pronounced decrease with the catchment size with respect to other flash flood relationships found in the Mediterranean region. The differences between the two relationships mainly reflect changes in the coverage of the storm sizes and hydrological characteristics between the two regions.
The aim of my paper is to show how to perceive the art and the influence of perception of it on human’s taste in so called standard aesthetics. I start with discussing levels of human’s perception. Then I turn to the question what is practise and theory contributing to the (aesthetic) taste. I distinguish between aesthetic pleasure and aesthetic experience. Next I argue that the (aestehtic) taste has subjective content. The taste is a complex or collection of aesthetic judgements (reasons)., Cílem mé práce je ukázat, jak vnímat umění a vliv jeho vnímání na lidskou chuť v tzv. Standardní estetice. Začnu diskutovat o úrovních vnímání člověka. Pak se obracím na otázku, co je praxe a teorie přispívající k (estetické) chuti. Rozlišuji estetické potěšení a estetický zážitek. Dále tvrdím, že (aestehtická) chuť má subjektivní obsah. Chuť je komplex nebo soubor estetických úsudků (důvodů)., and Jozef Žilinek
The main views on the nature of narrative in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy are analyzed. It is shown how, realizing the research narrative, he paid attention to the linguistic means of expression of our thoughts, reference to the actual reality, the logical component of argumentation. It is shown that in order to place worldview ac-cents more clearly and strengthen the expressive effect of thought, Wittgenstein pragmatized the narrative, in particular, used metaphors, images of learning, took into account the historico-cultural context. It is important for him to show that the form of the narrative influences what meanings the interlocutor will comprehend. Through a system of micro- and macro-narratives, Wittgenstein intended to express his opinion as clearly as possible, although he made the reader an active participant in the narrative. The thinker did not deviate from the analytico-scientific standards of philosophizing, although he showed that the relevant analysis of the narrative is significantly complicated by the ambiguities of its interpretation, the uniqueness of human experience and the identity of each narrator’s value system. It is argued that a pragmatic approach to narrative analysis significantly expands the research methodology of the analytic thinker and, accordingly, makes it possible to deepen our understanding of reality and human existence, as well as more clearly define the specifics of their knowledge.