In agricultural land use, organic residues such as compost, digestate, and sewage sludge are discussed as costeffective soil conditioner that may improve the water holding capacity and crop available soil moisture. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of application of digestates with different compositions in maize, sugar beet and winter wheat, compost of shrub debris and sewage sludge on shrinkage behaviour and contact angle of till-derived loamy topsoil of a Haplic Luvisol under agricultural use. Novelty is the simultaneous determination of contact angle and shrinkage of soils amended with digestates composed of different composition in maize, sugar beet and winter wheat, compost of shrub debris and sewage sludge. The results suggest that the application of organic residues impacts the air capacity, while the contact angles remained in the subcritical range between > 0° and < 90°. The relationship between CA values and moisture ratios, ϑ, during proportional shrinkage was positive and linear (r2 of 0.98) and negative during residual- and zero-shrinkage (r2 of 0.93).
Host-ant specificity of Maculinea alcon, an endangered obligatory myrmecophilous lycaenid butterfly, was studied at two sites in southern Poland (Świętokrzyskie Mts near Kielce). M. alcon larvae and pupae were found in nests of both Myrmica vandeli and M. scabrinodis, which is the typical host in Poland and Southern Europe. To our knowledge this is the first record of M. vandeli as a host of M. alcon. Our results show that M. scabrinodis and M. vandeli are about equally suitable as hosts. We hypothesize that both host ant species are closely related and have similar chemical profiles, and that the M. alcon "scabrinodis-vandeli" populations we studied belong to the M. alcon "scabrinodis" race. More than half of the M. alcon pupae, both from M. vandeli and M. scabrinodis nests, were parasitized by a single wasp species of the genus Ichneumon, which also suggests that the cuticular chemistry of the two ant species is similar.
Electric and metabolic brain activities were controlled for 49 persons by means of electroencephalography (EEG) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during different physiological and psychological states, e.g. eyes open or closed, hyperpnoea (HV) or apnoea (AP) and during calculation (addition of one- (CAL.S.) or two-digit numbers (CAL C.)) or Raven's test - set A (RAV A) or more difficult set C (RAV C) or TAT. Both diagnostic methods confirm one another. But sometimes there are more expressive changes in one method than in another, e.g. during HV it is a more prominent deoxyhemoglobin (CO2Hb) increase than an alpha frequency band increase in EEG curves. On the other side, very marked alpha frequency decreasing in EEG during eyes open is followed by only a weak oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) rise. Synchronous activities are clearly visible during psychic test: increasing O2Hb in NIRS and increasing delta frequency band in EEG spectrum. Decreasing alpha with increasing theta activity during relaxation and somnolence is accompanied by decreasing O2Hb and prominent increasing CO2Hb. Inter individually differences are often but not big. We suggest both methods are good tools for attention and psychic states control.
Let a⊕b=max(a,b) and a⊗b=a+b for a,b∈R. Max-algebra is an analogue of linear algebra developed on the pair of operations (⊕,⊗) extended to matrices and vectors. The system of equations A⊗x=b and inequalities C⊗x≤d have each been studied in the literature. We consider a problem consisting of these two systems and present necessary and sufficient conditions for its solvability. We also develop a polynomial algorithm for solving max-linear program whose constraints are max-linear equations and inequalities.
Let (M, g) be a 4-dimensional Einstein Riemannian manifold. At each point p of M, the tangent space admits a so-called Singer-Thorpe basis (ST basis) with respect to the curvature tensor R at p. In this basis, up to standard symmetries and antisymmetries, just 5 components of the curvature tensor R are nonzero. For the space of constant curvature, the group O(4) acts as a transformation group between ST bases at TpM and for the so-called 2-stein curvature tensors, the group Sp(1) ⊂ SO(4) acts as a transformation group between ST bases. In the present work, the complete list of Lie subgroups of SO(4) which act as transformation groups between ST bases for certain classes of Einstein curvature tensors is presented. Special representations of groups SO(2), T2, Sp(1) or U(2) are obtained and the classes of curvature tensors whose transformation group into new ST bases is one of the mentioned groups are determined., Zdeněk Dušek, Hradec Králové., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Cieľom tejto štúdie je vyvrátiť časté a stále sa objavujúce kritické námietky voči temer štyri dekády starému Singerovmu antidruhistickému argumentu, ktoré sú založené predovšetkým na jeho nepochopení. Nepochopený je nielen samotný argument, ale aj Singerovo metodologické východisko, ktoré sme nazvali „Singerova etická britva“. V práci ukazujeme, prečo nie je možné zamietnuť Singerov utilitaristický argument len preto, že odmietame utilitarizmus en bloc. Rovnako tak ukazujeme, prečo nie je namieste obviňovať Singera z toho, že nerozšíril svoju etiku aj na rastliny a neživú prírodu. Opak je pravdou, pretože Singer jasne demonštruje, ako môže byť environmentálna etika vzťahujúca sa na ochranu divočiny založena na tom istom princípe rovnakého zvažovania záujmov, vďaka ktorému je druhizmus morálne neprijateľný., The aim of this study is to refute the frequent and repeated critical objections to Singer’s almost four-decades-old argument against speciesism. These objections are based, above all, on misunderstanding. There is misunderstanding not only of the argument itself, but also of Singer’s methodological starting point, which we have termed “Singer’s ethical razor”. In the text we show why it is not possible to reject Singer’s utilitarian argument only by rejecting utilitarianism en bloc. In the same way, we show why it is not appropriate to charge Singer with failing to extend his ethics to include plants and lifeless nature. In fact the opposite is true because Singer clearly demonstrates how environmental ethics relating to the protection of the wild can be based on the same principle of the equal consideration of interests which is the basis for the moral unacceptability of speciesism., and Peter Sýkora.
Formulaes were developed for the range error due to descreet generation and gain of photoelectrons in multiphotoelectron case for some signal processing methods, as constant threshold and constant fraction of photomultiplier current or charge and some others. In many methods, including near optimum estimation, the error decreases when filter response width increases. Simple estimation methods can give nearly as good results as optimum methods, when using proper filtration and fraction values. Simulation and experimental results are in fair agreement with the theory. The results can be used to improve many existing laser stations.
Let T be an operator acting on a Banach space X, let σ(T) and σBW (T) be respectively the spectrum and the B-Weyl spectrum of T. We say that T satisfies the generalized Weyl’s theorem if σBW (T) = σ(T) \ E(T), where E(T) is the set of all isolated eigenvalues of T. The first goal of this paper is to show that if T is an operator of topological uniform descent and 0 is an accumulation point of the point spectrum of T, then T does not have the single valued extension property at 0, extending an earlier result of J. K.Finch and a recent result of Aiena and Monsalve. Our second goal is to give necessary and sufficient conditions under which an operator having the single valued extension property satisfies the generalized Weyl’s theorem.