From March 1848 through July 1849, the Habsburg Austrian Empire was threatened by revolutionary movements. Much of the revolutionary activity was of a nationalist character: the empire, ruled from Vienna, included Austrian Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Romanians, Serbs, Italians, and Croats, all of whom attempted in the course of the revolution to either achieve autonomy, independence, or even hegemony over other nationalities. and Milan Hlavačka.
This article discusses the Enlightenment concept of theatre as formulated in the work of the Viennese playwright Paul Weidmann, who was active in the reign of Joseph II (1765-90). In Weidmann’s conception, theatre has two main functions: one is to provide a theoretical basis (the idea of a national theatre; theatre as a school of moral educational); the second is to delineate a socio-historical context. The themes explored by Weidmann are civil war and wars of religion, and the question of how to level social differences - problems that still very much beset the modern world. In the face of current religious, political and economic conflicts, Weidmann’s stage plays still carry a powerful message., Joanna Giel., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
As an example of the activities of the Austrian secret police under Emperor Francis II (I), we consider the surveillance of Louis Bonaparte (1778-1846), king of Holland, when he was in exile in Teplice. The Austrian secret police used several "tools" in the surveillance of persons who were or had aroused suspicion of being criminals or enemies of the state. The ministry of foreign affairs (Hof- und Staatskanzlei), the ministry of the interior (Oberste Polizeihofstelle) and the government of the states (Länder) worked together. The police paid "confidential people" (Vertraute) to observe the habits, activities and friends of the above categories of person. This work was done at the best-known spas by inspection commissioners who tended the patients and collected information. At the mail service letters from suspicious persons were secretly opened and copies were made. It is shown that these methods provided a fairly good picture of the person under surveillance, in our case the king of Holland., Friedrich Wilhelm Schembor., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The aim of the present paper is to examine certain philosophical issues which have set the tone of the philosophical reflection in eighteenth century France in relation to a specific case study: that of the "wild child" known as Victor of Aveyron. Found in 1800 in central France, Victor was later transferred to the Parisian Institute of the DeafMutes, where he became the object of educational activities of JeanMarc Itard, a medical expert known for his works on the problem of hearing loss. Through a brief critical examination of the most notorious philosophical texts dealing both with the question of wild children and deafness (namely by Rousseau, Diderot and Condillac), we attempt to show that the specificity of Itard’s educational method consists in an application of the sensualist approach towards the human individual (as it is exemplified especially in the work of Condillac) on a concrete human subject, considered as a tangible proof of the inexistence of innate ideas. On this basis, we sketch several broader questions concerning the status of anomaly in the eighteenth century philosophical thought (namely, wild children and deafness), as well as some hypotheses on education and its fantasmatic aspects in general., Josef Fulka., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy