Článek se pokouší kriticky zhodnotit tezi hledající impuls ke vzniku pozdně laténských oppid v severní Itálii, v regionu Emilia-Romagna, kde ve 4. – poč. 2. stol. př. Kr. sídlil keltský kmen Bojů. Po shrnutí dostupných pramenů, písemných i archeologických, vztahujících se k dané oblasti a období, přistupuje k jejich interpretaci z hlediska dané problematiky a ke komentování diskuse, jež k tématu probíhala v italské archeologii. Na podporu teze není shledán dostatek argumentů ani ve výpovědi písemných pramenů, ani v dostupném nálezovém fondu. and The article evaluates critically a theory searching for the impulse for the emergence of late La Tène opppida in the north Italian region of Emilia Romagna, where the Celtic tribe of Boii is reported to have dwelt in the 4th - early 2th centuries B.C. After summarising both written and archeological sources for the period and region in question, its interpretation is approached in light of this evidence and subsequently of discussions on the problem which are taking place in Italian archaeology. The theory is found to be insufficiently backed by both written sources and by archaeological evidence.
Soil sealing is the permanent covering of the land surface by buildings, infrastructures or any impermeable artificial material. Beside the loss of fertile soils with a direct impact on food security, soil sealing modifies the hydrological cycle. This can cause an increased flooding risk, due to urban development in potential risk areas and to the increased volumes of runoff. This work estimates the increase of runoff due to sealing following urbanization and land take in the plain of Emilia Romagna (Italy), using the Green and Ampt infiltration model for two rainfall return periods (20 and 200 years) in two different years, 1976 and 2008. To this goal a hydropedological approach was adopted in order to characterize soil hydraulic properties via locally calibrated pedotransfer functions (PTF). PTF inputs were estimated via sequential Gaussian simulations coupled with a simple kriging with varying local means, taking into account soil type and dominant land use. Results show that in the study area an average increment of 8.4% in sealed areas due to urbanization and sprawl induces an average increment in surface runoff equal to 3.5 and 2.7% respectively for 20 and 200-years return periods, with a maximum > 20% for highly sealed coast areas.