The present paper summarizes the results of research of Hieracium subgen. Pilosella done by using different methods. The apomictic complex of Hieracium subgen. Pilosella found in the Krkonoše Mts, consists of the following basic species: H. lactucella (2x, sexual), H. onegense (2x, sexual), H. pilosella (4x, sexual), H. caespitosum (4x, apomictic) and H. aurantiacum (4x and 5x, apomictic). These species are considered to be the parents of a further set of mostly apomictic hybridogenous types. The ploidy level, breeding system, isozyme phenotypes, chloroplast haplotypes and geographic distribution of this whole complex was analysed. The different hybridogenous types have different frequencies in the field and differ in the frequency of isozyme phenotypes (a conservative estimate of the number of genotypes). Most have uniform chloroplast haplotypes, but some haplotypes could have originated from reciprocal crosses. The comparison of chloroplast haplotypes suggests that apomictic species were not only pollen donors, but also contributed seed and gave rise to several hybridogenous types, illustrating the importance of the residual sexuality of apomicts in this group. H. pilosella is a central species in this group and is connected with other parental species, H. floribundum, H. lactucella and H. aurantiacum by a set of hybridogenous species that have a similar genetic structure. Some of the distinct hybridogenous types within the complex are of multiple origin. In contrast, crosses between the same parental types may generate diverse progenies, which can often be classified as distinct taxa. All taxa recorded in the past are surveyed and discussed with respect to present knowledge. We suggest that the taxonomy and origin of particular entities of this and other such complexes is best resolved using information from morphological, genetical, cytological and ecological studies.
We analysed a nearly 133-km-long portion of the Sudetic Marginal Fault (SMF) in Poland (99.7 km) and the Czech Republic (33.8 km), comprised between Złotoryja in the NW and Jesenik in the SE. The fault trace has been subdivided into fifteen segments showing different orientation (N29°W to N56°W, and even N111°W SE of Złoty Stok), geological setting, length (8.8-22.9 km in Poland and 1.4-7.5 km in the Czech Republic), and height of the fault- and fault-line scarps (5-75 m to 200-360 m). Orientation of the entire fault trace approaches N41° W, and the mountain front sinuosity amounts to 1.051. Individual fault segments bear a flight of two to five tiers of triangular facets, showing differentiated state of preservation and degree of erosional remodelling. The highest triangular facets are confined to Rychlebské (Złote) and Sowie Mts. This tiering points to at least five episodes of uplift of the SMF footwall, starting shortly after 31 Ma, i.e. after basalts of the Sichów Hills area were displaced by the fault, and most probably postdating 7-5 Ma time interval, during which rapid cooling and exhumation of the Sowie Góry Mts. massif took place. Morphometric parameters of 244 small catchment areas of streams that dissect the fault scarp include, i.a. elongation, relief, and average slope of individual catchment areas, together with values of the valley flo or width to valley height ratios. These figures point to moderate tectonic activity of the SMF and allow us to conclude about Quaternary uplift, particularly important in the Sowie and Rychlebské (Złote) segments., Janusz Badura, Witold Zuchiewicz, Petra Štěpančiková, Bogusław Przybylski, Bernard Kontny and Stefan Cacoń., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The sum-product algorithm is a well-known procedure for marginalizing an "acyclic'' product function whose range is the ground set of a commutative semiring. The algorithm is general enough to include as special cases several classical algorithms developed in information theory and probability theory. We present four results. First, using the sum-product algorithm we show that the variable sets involved in an acyclic factorization satisfy a relation that is a natural generalization of probability-theoretic independence. Second, we show that for the Boolean semiring the sum-product algorithm reduces to a classical algorithm of database theory. Third, we present some methods to reduce the amount of computation required by the sum-product algorithm. Fourth, we show that with a slight modification the sum-product algorithm can be used to evaluate a general sum-product expression.
The purpose of this aer is to define the nature, history, and scope of the Surealist movement in Egypt in the 1930s and the 1940s and its influence on contemporary Egyptian art. It is also desigend to provide a clear, accessible, and broad background on a diverse group of mainstream and lesser-known innovativde Arabic artists while showing that Surrealism is not a phenomenon unique to Europe. In addition to dealing with the general state of the Egyptian art scene in the 1930s, the aarticle covers the genesis of the Egyptian Surrealis group Art and Liberty and its exhibitions, political activities and two main members, Georges Hénein and Ramsīs Yūnān.
The essay focuses on reproductive tourism and estrangement not only from our products and people who produce what we consume but also from our emotions and our intimate lives. Concretely, the author focuses on experience of commercial surrogates in India – poor women in whom a couple’s embryo is implanted and who carry that baby to term for domestic or foreign clients. Drawing on interviews, the author analyses the world’s largest womb rental service and how – out of financial need – the surrogate manages her emotional ties to her own body.
The photoprotection of energy dissipation and water-water cycle were investigated by comparing chilling sensitivity of photosystems 2 (PS2) and 1 (PS1) in two chilling-sensitive plants, cucumber and sweet pepper, upon exposure to 4 °C under low irradiance (100 μmol m-2 s-1) for 6 h. During chilling stress, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Fv/Fm) decreased only slightly in both plants, but the oxidisable P700 decreased markedly, which indicated that PS1 was more sensitive to chilling treatment under low irradiance than PS2. Sweet pepper leaves had lower Fv/Fm, higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and higher oxidisable P700 during chilling stress. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in cucumber leaves was higher, but APX activity decreased apparently compared to that at room temperature. The productions of active oxygen species (H2O2, O2 -) increased in both plants, faster in cucumber leaves than in sweet pepper leaves. In sweet pepper leaves, a stronger de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments, a higher NPQ could act as a major protective mechanism to reduce the formation of active oxygen species during stress. Thus sensitivity of both plants to chilling under low irradiance was dominated by the protective mechanisms between PS1 and PS2, especially the energy dissipation and the water-water cycle. and X.-G. Li ... [et al.].
Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), ninc-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius (L.)) and flounder 0Platichthys flesus (L.)) are widespread teleosts, which all have behaviours involving migration between freshwater and brackish/sea water environments. Their importance in dispersal of the freshwater monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957, which causes heavy losses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr in infected Norwegian rivers, was tested indirectly by their susceptibility and resistance to the parasite in laboratory experiments. Gyrodactylus salaris attached to the three fish species, but no parasite reproduction was observed. The infections were eliminated alter a maximum of 3 days on flounder, 6 days on nine-spined stickleback, and 8 days on three-spined stickleback. Thus these fishes are innately resistant to G. salaris, and are therefore of no importance concerning the population dynamics of G. salaris in freshwater systems. However, attachment of parasites indicates that these fish species may function as transport hosts, and theoretically play a part in the dispersal of G. salaris in nature.
The article presents a separator whose magnetic circuit is comprised of large blocks from permanent NdFeB magnets and the knowledge gained from its assembly. In the separation zone of this separator, significantly higher values of magnetic induction were reached in comparison with a similar circuit with ferrite magnets. The results of the long-term comparative technological tests are provided of this separator when used in an industrial plant for the separation of undesirable ferromagnetic admixtures and objects (tramp iron) from raw materials for tile production. Throughout these tests, the fundamental influence of the value of magnetic induction in the separation zone on the amount of the captured magnetic fraction was confirmed and high efficiency of the new separator proven., Václav Žežulka and Pavel Straka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
After the economic crisis in the early 1990s there was excess supply of housing, but over the last 25 years demand has increased because of rising population, rising incomes and low levels of housing construction. The result has been rising prices and longer queues to (rent regulated) rental housing. The lack of affordable housing has made the situation especially difficult for low-income "outsiders", e.g. immigrant groups and various marginalized groups. In the debate about explanations and policies one can find demand for "more market", e.g. deregulating the rental market, weaken the municipal planning monopoly and cutting back on building regulations. There are also proposals for "less market", e.g. state directives about municipal planning volumes, subsidies to housing construction and more active municipal housing companies. As the current government is weak, most initiatives comes from the local level, e.g. both below market rents for lower income households and planning for more low-cost housing.
A definition of “Šipoš integral” is given, similarly to [3],[5],[10], for real-valued functions and with respect to Dedekind complete Riesz-space-valued “capacities”. A comparison of Choquet and Šipoš-type integrals is given, and some fundamental properties and some convergence theorems for the Šipoš integral are proved.