In 2015, a new class of fuzzy implications, called ordinal sum implications, was proposed by Su et al. They then discussed the distributivity of such ordinal sum implications with respect to t-norms and t-conorms. In this paper, we continue the study of distributivity of such ordinal sum implications over two newly-born classes of aggregation operators, namely overlap and grouping functions, respectively. The main results of this paper are characterizations of the overlap and/or grouping function solutions to the four usual distributive equations of ordinal sum fuzzy implications. And then sufficient and necessary conditions for ordinal sum implications distributing over overlap and grouping functions are given.
This paper deals with implications defined from disjunctive uninorms U by the expression I(x,y)=U(N(x),y) where N is a strong negation. The main goal is to solve the functional equation derived from the distributivity condition of these implications over conjunctive and disjunctive uninorms. Special cases are considered when the conjunctive and disjunctive uninorm are a t-norm or a t-conorm respectively. The obtained results show a lot of new solutions generalyzing those obtained in previous works when the implications are derived from t-conorms.
-axis subsystems are firstly transformed into two linear subsystems by using feedback linearization technique, then, integral terminal sliding mode controller and finite-time controller are designed respectively. The proof of finite time stability are given for the PMSM closed-loop system. Compared with the corresponding asymptotical stability control method, the proposed controller can make the system output track the desired speed reference signal in finite time and obtain a better dynamic response and anti-disturbance performance. Meanwhile, considering the large chattering phenomenon caused by high switching gains, a composite integral terminal sliding mode control method based on disturbance observer is proposed to reduce chattering phenomenon. Through disturbance estimation based feed-forward compensation, the composite integral terminal sliding mode controller may take a smaller value for the switching gain without sacrificing disturbance rejection performance. Experimental results are provided to show the superiority of proposed control method.
This paper presents a composite controller that combines nonlinear disturbance observer and second order sliding mode controller for attitude tracking of flexible spacecraft. First, a new nonsingular sliding surface is introduced. Then, a second order sliding mode attitude controller is designed to achieve high-precision tracking performance. An extended state observer is also developed to estimate the total disturbance torque consisting of environmental disturbances, system uncertainties and flexible vibrations. The estimated result is used as feed-forward compensation. Although unknown bounded disturbances, inertia uncertainties and the coupling effect of flexible modes are taken into account, the resulting control method offers robustness and finite time convergence of attitude maneuver errors. Finite-time stability for the closed-loop system is rigorously proved using the Lyapunov stability theory. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme.
Nearly all epileptic seizures in patients are characterized by deranged consciousness. We started to study changes in motivated behavior (drinking in thirsty rats) as a possible analogue of compromised consciousness during and after epileptic seizures. Epileptic afterdischarges (ADs) were elicited by stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus and/or thalamus. Rats with implanted electrodes (deprived of water for 24 hours) were trained to lick water from a narrow tube. After pretraining ADs were elicited eight times in each animal and access to water was allowed during different phases of the AD. Stimulation did not affect licking if no AD was induced. If stimulation was successful, licking was stopped in nearly 70 % of stimulations and modified (biting the tube) in 30 %. Hippocampal ADs (characterized by serrated waves in the EEG and by an arrest of behavior with subsequent automatisms) completely blocked licking, signs of recovery appeared during the interval between the AD and recurrent AD and it progressed during recurrent ADs. Thalamic ADs abolished licking in 82% of cases and immediately after ADs normal licking reappeared in 49 % of these observations. Our results suggest that changes in motivated behavior might serve as an analogue of compromised human consciousness., P. Mareš, L. Chocholová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) has been suggested to influence the cognitive capability but this should be dynamically evaluated in a longitudinal study. Previous training can affect performance, but the influence under magnetic field is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the effects of previous training and ELF-MF exposure on learning and memory using the Morris water maze (MWM). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MWM training, ELF-MF exposure (50 Hz, 100 μT), or ELF-MF exposure combined with MWM training for 90 days. Normal rats were used as controls. The MWM was used to test. The data show that the rats exposed to training and ELF-MF with training performed better on spatial acquisition when re-tested. However, during the probe trial the rats showed no change between the training phase and the test phase. Compared with the control group, the ELF-MF group showed no significant differences. These results confirm that previous training can improve the learning and memory capabilities regarding spatial acquisition in the MWM and this effect can last for at least 90 days. However, this improvement in learning and memory capabilities was not observed during the probe trial. Furthermore, ELF-MF exposure did not interfere with the improvement in learning and memory capabilities., Y. Li, C. Zhang, T. Song., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Předkládaná studie se věnuje specifikům dětské výpovědi. Mapuje možné zdroje její nespolehlivosti (nízká schopnost zapamatovat si a vybavit si události, vysoká sugestibilita, snadnost vzniku falešných vzpomínek, neporozumění pro procesy a interakce v okolí, možnost záměrného lhaní). Jsou uvedeny některé postupy, které mohou pomoci zkvalitnit, nebo naopak znehodnotit informace, podané dítětem. Schopnost dítěte porozumět své vlastní motivaci, prožívání a chování, stejně tak jako chování a prožívání jiných lidí je často zpochybňována. Ukazuje se však, že dětský úhel pohledu na události, které zažívá, a na sociální interakce, kterým je vystaveno, je obohacující. Přináší smysluplné informace, je jedinečný a přispívá jak k pochopení prožívání a chování dítěte a jeho aktuálních potíží, tak ke hlubšímu porozumění rodinným vztahům a jiným skutečnostem., The present study maps the possible sources of unreliability of child,s testimony (lower ability to remember and recall events, high suggestibility, easier formation of false memories, misunderstanding of the processes and interactions in surroundings, probability of deliberate lying) as well as its potential benefits in research and counselling practices. There are some procedures that can help improve or conversely depreciate information given by child. Child,s ability to understand their own motivation, experience and behaviour as well as behaviour and feelings of others are often questioned. But despite all mentioned risks, child,s testimony is very useful not only in judicial proceedings in which the child may be the only witness to the events but also in psychological research and counselling. It turns out that a child is more sensitive to some aspects of family life (conflicts) than an adult and gives even more accurate information than its parents. Child,s view of family life is important for understanding its behaviour and experience., Xenie Uholyeva., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The aim of the present paper is to examine certain philosophical issues which have set the tone of the philosophical reflection in eighteenth century France in relation to a specific case study: that of the "wild child" known as Victor of Aveyron. Found in 1800 in central France, Victor was later transferred to the Parisian Institute of the DeafMutes, where he became the object of educational activities of JeanMarc Itard, a medical expert known for his works on the problem of hearing loss. Through a brief critical examination of the most notorious philosophical texts dealing both with the question of wild children and deafness (namely by Rousseau, Diderot and Condillac), we attempt to show that the specificity of Itard’s educational method consists in an application of the sensualist approach towards the human individual (as it is exemplified especially in the work of Condillac) on a concrete human subject, considered as a tangible proof of the inexistence of innate ideas. On this basis, we sketch several broader questions concerning the status of anomaly in the eighteenth century philosophical thought (namely, wild children and deafness), as well as some hypotheses on education and its fantasmatic aspects in general., Josef Fulka., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The plants of Prosopis juliflora growing in northern India are exposed to large variations of temperature, vapour pressure deficits (VPD), and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) throughout the year. Under these conditions P. juliflora had two short periods of leaf production, one after the winter season and second after summer, which resulted in two distinct even aged cohorts of leaves. In winter with cold nights (2-8 °C) and moderate temperatures during the day, the plants showed high rates of photosynthesis. In summer the midday temperatures often reached <45 °C and plants showed severe inhibition of photosynthesis. The leaves of second cohort appeared in July and showed typical midday depression of photosynthesis. An analysis of diurnal partitioning of the absorbed excitation energy into photochemistry showed that a smaller fraction of the energy was utilised for photochemistry and a greater fraction was dissipated thermally, further the photon utilisation for photochemistry and thermal dissipation is largely affected by the interaction of irradiance and temperature. The plants showed high photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2) at predawn and very little photoinhibition in all seasons except in summer. The photoinhibition in summer was pronounced with very poor recovery during night. Since P. juliflora exhibited distinct pattern of senescence and production of new leaves after winter and summer stress period, it appeared that the ontogenic characteristic together with its ability for safe dissipation of excess radiant energy in P. juliflora contributes to its growth and survival. and P. A. Shirke, U. V. Pathre.
Diurnal and seasonal changes in photosynthetic characteristics, leaf area dry mass (ADM), and reducing sugar and total chlorophyll (Chl) contents of leaves of Frantoio, Leccino, and Maurino olive cultivars were investigated in Central Italy. Leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN) per unit leaf area changed during the growing season and during the day, but the cultivar did not significantly influence the changes. In both young and one-year-old leaves the highest PN values were observed in October, while the lowest values were recorded in August and December; during the day the highest PN values were generally found in the morning. The pattern of photosynthetic response to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of leaves was similar in the three genotypes. Sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (CI) tended to increase when PN decreased. The increase in CI was accompanied by a stomatal conductance to water vapor (gS) decrease. In general, PN and dark respiration rate (RD) were correlated. Transpiration rate (E), with no differences between the cultivars, increased from April to July, decreased greatly in August, then increased in October and finally decreased again in December. Leaf water content increased from April to June, remained high until mid July, decreased significantly in August, remaining constant until December with no differences associated with the cultivar. In both young and one-year-old leaves, the leaf water content per unit leaf area was slightly greater in Frantoio than in the other two cultivars. The one-year-old leaves had a higher Chl content than the young ones. The cultivar did not substantially influence the leaf reducing sugar content which decreased from April to August, when it reached the lowest level, then increased rapidly until October. During the day the reducing sugar content did not change significantly. The leaf ADM was slightly higher in Frantoio than in the other cultivars and one-year-old leaves had higher values than the young ones. Leaf ADM decreased from April to June and then tended to increase until December. During the day there were no substantial variations. and P. Proietti, F. Famiani.