The paper studies the typology of the initials following the way of construction of their corpus in the mutual ties in the development – departing from the late antique, considering the Byzantine and Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque types. The modifications of the initials are studied together with the changes of their function in the decoration system and in the cultural-historical context. The contribution also studies the changes of the terminology connected with the typology of the initials.
The paper is engaged with a definition of the typolotgy and modifications fo the caligraphic initials, compared with the typology of painted initials, and also with a comparative study of the terminoloty used in different languages for the specific compositions. The interest is also focused on relations among countries, regions and workshops that participated in the transformations of the caligrafic initials. The subject is studied on a broad period, from the Late Antiquity till the 16th century, but without a typology of fleuronée, only compositions of the body of the initials have been taken into consideration.
The Patent of Toleration of the year 1781 cleared the way for activities of two Protestant churches in the Habsburg Monarchy. In the two borderland regions chosen for analysis - the regions of Děčín and Šluknov - the Protestant inhabitants were affected by the religious influences from Saxony that acquired various forms. From the period before the year 1620 there was, exceptionally, preserved the Lutheran religion, whose followers visited churches on the Saxon side of the border. Also, the regions were continuously settled by Saxon immigrants who were not organized within the structures of the Augsburg confession. Only after the commencement of industrialization and the subsequent wave of Saxon immigration was made possible the establishment of independent Protestant choirs. Absolutely exceptional was the Lutheran choir of Saxon officials in Podmokly that was founded after railroad had been finished in 1851. Already before the year 1850 the mission of the renewed Unity of Brethren from Herrnhut instigated the popular religious movement. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, religious propaganda of the movement „Away from Rome“ (Los von Rom), in many cases supported from Saxony, found response in these regions. The typology of religious influences from Saxony and their manifestations on the Bohemian side of the border, established on the basis of the examples of Děčín and Šluknov regions, could be used for the nineteenth century also for other borderland regions inhabited predominantly by German-speaking population.
The contraction of gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscles is
regulated by both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+ sensitization
mechanisms. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is involved in
the depolarization-induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle
via a Ca2+ sensitization pathway. However, the role of Pyk2
in GI smooth muscle contraction is unclear. The spontaneous
contraction of colonic smooth muscle was measured by using
isometric force transducers. Protein and phosphorylation levels
were determined by using western blotting. Pyk2 protein was
expressed in colonic tissue, and spontaneous colonic contractions
were inhibited by PF-431396, a Pyk2 inhibitor, in the presence of
tetrodotoxin (TTX). In cultured colonic smooth muscle cells
(CSMCs), PF-431396 decreased the levels of myosin light chain
(MLC20) phosphorylated at Ser19 and ROCK2 protein expression,
but myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression was not altered.
However, Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, increased
phosphorylation of Pyk2 at Tyr402 and concomitantly decreased
ROCK2 levels; the expression of MLCK in CSMCs did not change.
The expression of P(Tyr402)-Pyk2 and ROCK2 was increased
when CSMCs were treated with Ach. Pyk2 is involved in the
process of colonic smooth muscle contraction through the
RhoA/ROCK pathway. These pathways may provide very
important targets for investigating GI motility disorders.
We suggest a method of renorming of spaces of operators which are suitably approximable by sequences of operators from a given class. Further we generalize J. Johnsons’s construction of ideals of compact operators in the space of bounded operators and observe e.g. that under our renormings compact operators are $u$-ideals in the: space of 2-absolutely summing operators or in the space of operators factorable through a Hilbert space.
(Obsah) Během let získal autor snímky, z nichž je možno určiti vady téměř všech optik, jichž použili ve svých pracích čeští hvězdáři. Znalost těchto vad je pro pozorovatele často nezbytná; výsledky jsou však též obecně zajímavé, protože se vztahují na různorodé typy, pro které sotva nalezneme v literatuře číselné údaje. Také v metodě použil autor různých uspořádání a zkoumal požadavky na přesnost aparatury, jakož i přesnost výsledků. Přehled optik obsahuje tabulka I. Metodou Hartmannovou změřil pro ně jednobarevné vady podélné v ose, dále barevnou vadu pro ondřejovské objektivy a v jednom zajímavém případě barevný rozdíl kulové vady. U těchže objektivů získal fokogramy (obr. 3). Materiál obsahuje celkem 132 snímků, na nichž proměřil více než 2500 fotografických stop paprsků. Výsledné pásmové chyby jsou uvedeny v tabulce 2 a na grafu 2, astigmatism v ose v tabulce 3. V dalším připojuje autor některé poznámky k současnému názoru na třídění optik a shrnuje klasifkaci pro své optiky v tabulce 4. Poslední tabulka 5 a graf 4 obsahují barevné vady čtyř objektivů hvězdárny Žalov br. Josefa a Jana Friče v Ondřejově. Na základě předešlých výsledků upozorňuje autor na některé možnosti vhodného použití Nušlova a Fričova astrografu.