The methods of abstraction and idealization are commonly viewed as basic to both the natural and the social sciences. Since the 1970s, they have also been a focus of attention in the philosophy and methodology of science. However, their nature as methods, i.e., sequences of instructions, has not been adequately explicated. The paper attempts to capture the core of these methods in the sense of simplified sequences of instructions. The proposal is illustrated in a reconstruction of the application of both methods in economics as a representative of the social sciences., Metody abstrakce a idealizace jsou běžně považovány za základní pro přírodní i společenské vědy. Od sedmdesátých let se pozornost věnuje také filozofii a metodologii vědy. Jejich povaha jako metody, tj. Sekvence instrukcí, nebyla dostatečně vysvětlena. Příspěvek se pokouší zachytit jádro těchto metod ve smyslu zjednodušených sekvencí instrukcí. Návrh je ilustrován rekonstrukcí aplikace obou metod v ekonomii jako zástupce společenských věd., and Juraj Halas
The cyber sphere forms a fifth domain of activities were interactions between state and non-state actors could happen. It starts to play an important role within the conflicts and hostilities. Especially in these situations, international society does not have a unified view on the question how to deal with the activities in cyberspace. We could see the different forms of abuse of cyberspace also within the crisis in Ukraine. This crisis is a good example of the complexity of the legal approach and the (non)capability of the legal understanding of cyber operations and attacks. The goal of this article is to highlight this complexity and to determine the status of cyber incidents realized in the Ukraine from the perspective of international law., Jozef Valuch, Ondrej Hamuľák., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy