The paper deals with the different ways in which 20th century Hindi writers introduced the theme of religion into their work. A selection of authors has been made in order to highlight some important issues connected with religion. As may be expected, basically two points of view are to be found, depending on the ideological stand of the writer – either politically committed or committed to man. Thus, whilst religion is deemed by one author to be a factor which divides communities, it is considered by another to be an important tool for exploring the human soul.
In July 2015, the 46th International Physics Olympiad was held in Mumbai, the capital city of the Indian state, Maharashtra. Members of the Czech team obtained three silver medals and two bronze medals. In addition, the Slovak team won one silver and three bronze medals. In this article a theoretical task set during the competition is presented, which deals with calculations of a nuclear fission reactor. and Filip Studnička, Jan Kříž, Ľubomír Konrád, Bohumil Vybíral.
Jednou, krátce před půlnocí, tížen příslibem redakci Československého časopisu pro fyziku, nechávám běžné práce, otevřu Word a po nadpisu mě napadne podívat se do kalendáře: opravdu, za chvíli začíná 19. říjen 2010. Právě před 100 lety, 19-10-1910 (tak sám rád psal), se narodil Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, velká postava vědy 20. století, jeden z nejuniverzálnějších astrofyziků, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyzku v roce 1983, ve vědeckých kruzích známý jako Chandra. O fyzikálním a astronomickém významu jeho Nobelovy ceny, kterou získal společně s W. A. Fowlerem, jsem již v tomto časopisu psal [1]. V následujícím se chci více zaměřit na události a postavy v okolí jeho světočáry; přitom čerpám především z podrobné biografie [2]. Na závěr připojím několik osobních vzpomínek na interakci s ním, nebudu však již opakovat ty, které jsou uvedeny v článku psaném před 27 lety., Jiří Bičák., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The early 20th century found both the Czech and the Indian society undergoing a transition which in many respects bore similar characteristics. Both the Indian and the Czech people were striving to achieve independence and both were looking beyond the borders of their countries to find encouragement and support for their cause. The people of the Czech nation, who had already sought self–determination for quite a long period of time, looked with sympathy on the similar struggle of the Indian people. The newly formed Czechoslovakia was now able to create new economic, cultural and social contacts and (later) political relations. The growing interest in India was most apparent in the Department of Indian Studies of the Charles University, in the Oriental Institute (Prague) established in 1922 and in the Indian Society launched at the Oriental Institute in 1934. The Czech scholars who focused on Indian studies, namely Vincenc Lesný, Otakar Pertold and Moriz Winternitz, among others, spent long periods of time in India, where they made contacts with leading Indian scholars, artists and national leaders. Some Indians who visited Czechoslovakia (Subhas Chandra Bose, Rabindranath Tagore and Jawaharlal Nehru etc.) developed deep sympathy and friendship towards Czechoslovakia and her people, which they especially expressed during the Munich crisis (1938) and in the following years.
The interest of the educated Czech public in India during the first phase of the Czech national revivalist movement spanning the first four decades of the 19th century was formed almost exclusively by leading personalities of this movement and the selection of themes connected with Indian civilization was largely subordinated to its ideological program. The predominantly linguistic and literary character of Czech emancipatory efforts directed the attention of leading Czech intellectuals towards the study of Sanskrit as a prestigious language of great antiquity and historical relationship to Slavic languages. Important topics during this phase of the movement included debates on the nature of Czech verse and metrics (with imitations of Indian meters), national “characterology,” comparative mythology and literary aesthetics. Selection of examples of alleged Indian parallels was subordinated to the perceived needs of national ideology with a relatively weaker link to actual facts and their original context. In this early stage the more “down-to-earth” motives of political advantage or economic gain were absent. From the 1840s the focus of attention gradually shifted from this naive and narrowly pragmatic comparatistic stage to a more informed and less biased interest in the classical Indian culture as potential source of universal human values and aspirations. Still, several early stereotypes persisted well into the twentieth century.
Ludmila Volná atempts to explain the problems associated with identifying the literature written by Indian authors in the English language. Indian writing in English is most often classified as belonging to "postcolonial literature", a term generally used for a field of study that examines how literature deals with the departure of a society from its colonial past and the exploration of the common features of postcolonial societies, or to "new literatue in English", a term that allows the possibility of concentrating on the significant features of a singular culture. In the second part of her paper, Volná characterizes Indian anglophone writing, which includes drama, poetry, and fiction. Volná discusses fiction themes and style, and analyzes new narrative techniques and styles in the context of traditional "realistic" writing.
The short war waged in the autumn of 1962 between India and China for disputed territory in High Himalayas had a long-term devasting effect on the relations between the two Asian powers. The present first part of a study recapitulating the genesis of the dispute and subsequent road to military confrontation maps the origins of the problem in the colonial period of Indian history, with particular focus on changes in British cdecision making in the evolving international context. The one-sided furthering of territorial claims in the absence of a strong and determined adversary led, paradoxically, to parallel exdistence of several alternative frontier lines with no fixed and clearly demarcated border in existence along the extended Indo-Tibetan boundary. The second instalment will follow the developments in the dramatically changed conditions after the emergence in the 1950s of India and China as two strong independent nations., Jaroslav Strnad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The new power configuration that emerged in the regions of South and East Asia in the wake of World War II and the following decolonization process introduced new players to the game of international politics; the roles played by them were orten inherited from the actors of the previous era. it was the general framework of the bipolar world system and the Cold War that represented a new element in traditional rivalries, and which had the capacity to exacerbate problems that had previously lain dormant. The genesis and escalation of the India-china border dispute, interconnected with the status of Tibet, which was viewed by China as part of her own territory and contemplated by India as a semi-independent buffer state, serves as a classic example. On the Indian side, the problem was further aggravated by the inability of the government to coordinate and fully control the activities of its iontelligence. The article follows the gradual development of the ambiguous approach of Indian foreign policy toward its northern neighbour and the silent Indian acquiescence of the involvement of the United States in the Tibetan issue up to the first bloody border clashes in 1959., Jaroslav Strnad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We investigated the lead (Pb) effect on chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and photosynthetic electron transport system in Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. Plants were exposed to different concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (i.e. 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 mM) for seven days in hydroponic experiments. Pb-treated leaves exhibited a relative decrease in Chl fluorescence induction curve, which resulted in the decrease of maximal fluorescence yield, maximal quantum yield, and effective quantum yield of PSII, while nonphotochemical quenching, quantum yield of regulated and nonregulated energy dissipation of PSII significantly increased during Pb stress. Furthermore, Pb concentrations also caused a decrease in maximal P700 change, photochemical quantum yield, nonphotochemical quantum yield, and ETR of PSI. We suggested that the changes in these parameters were a manifestation of Pb interference in the electron transport chain in both PSII and PSI. The sensitivity of PSII was greater than that of PSI in T. triangulare leaves., A. Kumar, M. N. V. Prasad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The Indian society is ''in-between'' tradition and modernity. Religious archetypes and subsequent social and gender stereotypes prevail in many respects but they are in a process of dynamic changes. Conceptualizing identity still faces the shadow of the colonial heritage. An independent national discourse may not, however, always overcome marginalization inside the society, both the gender and ethnic ones. Some Indian feminists do not see Hinduism as a religion principally subjecting women; they stress the tradition of a strong female element in mythology and its appeal on community solidarity and sharing. Others rather strive for secularism, often connecting feminism with a political left (namely in Bengal). The law in the Indian Republic forbids any form of discrimination. Each group has a legitimate right for a political representation. But who will represent and be listened to is mostly a matter of the power decision (see G. C. Spivak and C. T. Mohanty). As Spivak maintains, a basic prerequisite for removing discriminations of the marginalized is the cooperation on creating a space, where the subaltern can themselves articulate their voice.