In a groupoid, consider arbitrarily parenthesized expressions on the k variables x0, x1, . . . xk−1 where each xi appears once and all variables appear in order of their indices. We call these expressions k-ary formal products, and denote the set containing all of them by F σ (k). If u, v ∈ F σ (k) are distinct, the statement that u and v are equal for all values of x0, x1, . . . xk−1 is a generalized associative law. Among other results, we show that many small groupoids are completely dissociative, meaning that no generalized associative law holds in them. These include the two groupoids on {0, 1} where the groupoid operation is implication and NAND, respectively.
In this paper, we introduce and study a new class of completely generalized nonlinear variational inclusions for fuzzy mappings and construct some new iterative algorithms. We prove the existence of solutions for this kind of completely generalized nonlinear variational inclusions and the convergence of iterative sequences generated by the algorithms.
Both Scientists and System Analytics share common experience that complex interfaces (for example "human - machine" interface within the complex hybrid system, or synapse in the human brain) susceptibly react both to the dimension of the task (i.e.: the number / type of interface parameters / markers) and to the degree of uncertainty.
In order to quantitatively evaluate this effect, the model of interface is presented first. Then the problem is analyzed. The results of the study indicate:
Even a low degree of uncertainty, "acting" homogeneously on all parameters of the respective interface, has significantly adverse effect on the interface regularity (consequently the reliability of systems processes as well) if the number of parameters (i.e. dimension of the pertinent task) is sufficiently high.
Even a significant uncertainty in one or in a small number (typically 1 or 2) of interface parameters has a limited or negligible impact on the interface regularity if this interface is sufficiently robust.
There are three basic attempts how to increase the regularity of complex interfaces: (a) smart simplification (b) utilizing redundancy or contextuality (c) interface conjugation.
We analyze an algorithm that decides whether a given word is a fixed point of a nontrivial morphism. We show that it can be implemented to have complexity in O(m⋅n), where n is the length of the word and m the size of the alphabet.
Seasonal samples of all fish species from Lake Moreno were taken in order to determine the presence of paratenia, to evaluate the status of the hosts and to characterise the transmission of Acanthocephalus tumescens (von Linstow, 1896) at the component population level. Prevalence, mean abundance, mean intensity, numbers of gravid females, relative abundance of the different fish species, relative output of eggs and relative flow rates for each host species were computed. Acanthocephalus tumescens showed low host specificity, successfully parasitizing six out of eight fish species present in the lake. No paratenic infection was registered. If prevalence, mean abundance, and number of gravid females are considered, host species can be placed in a continuum from the most to least suitable as follows: Galaxias platei Steindachner, Diplomystes viedmensis (Mac Donagh), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), Percichthys trucha (Cuvier et Valenciennes) and Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns). However, when parasite flow rates and egg output were calculated, including relative abundance of each fish species, the continuum was rearranged as follows: P. trucha, O. mykiss, G. platei / G. maculatus, S. fontinalis and D. viedmensis. The first four species would be the main contributors to the population of A. tumescens in this lake, P. trucha being the major one. Different regulatory and non-regulatory mechanisms are suggested.
It is shown that for every pair of natural numbers $m\geq n\geq 1$, there exists a compact Fréchet space $X_{m,n}$ such that \item {(a)} $\mathop{\rm dim}X_{m,n}=n$, $\mathop{\rm ind}X_{m,n}=\mathop{\rm Ind}X_{m,n}=m$, and \item {(b)} every component of $X_{m,n}$ is homeomorphic to the $n$-dimensional cube $I^n$. \endgraf \noindent This yields new counter-examples to the theorem on dimension-lowering maps in the cases of inductive dimensions.
The role of alkaloids in cigarette smoke was investigated in the cumulus expansion of oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC) isolated from large antral porcine follicles. Suppression of the cumulus expansion stimulated by FSH was observed in the presence of different concentration of cadmium, anabasine and nicotine but not its metabolite cotinine. There were comparable inhibitory effects of cadmium and nicotine on the synthesis and accumulation of hyaluronic acid in the cell/matrix compartment of OCC. The inhibitory effect of tested compounds on the cumulus expansion was accompanied by decreased progesterone synthesis by cumulus cells during 42 h incubation of OCC with FSH. The results suggest that cigarette smoking may affect intrafollicular processes, which are responsible for normal ovulation and fertilization., S. Vršanská, E. Nagyová, A. Mlynarčíková, M. Ficková, J. Kolena., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Using a radiogasometric method the rates of photorespiratory and respiratory decarboxylations of primary and stored photosynthates in the leaves of two groups of C3 species, differing in the ability of starch accumulation, were determined. One group included starch-accumulating (SA) species with rates of starch synthesis on the average 38 % the rate of photosynthesis [Solanum tuberosum L., Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh, Helianthus annuus L., and Plantago lanceolata L.]. The second group represented starch-deficient (SD) species with rates of starch synthesis less than 8 % the rate of photosynthesis (Secale cereale L., Triticum aestivum L., Hordeum vulgare L., and Poa trivialis L.). In SA species the rate of respiration in the dark was significantly higher than in SD species. No differences were found in the rates of photosynthesis, photorespiration, and respiration under irradiation. Thus, the degree of inhibition of respiration by irradiation was in SA species higher than in SD species. It is concluded that starch does not provide substrates for respiratory and photorespiratory decarboxylations in irradiated photosynthesizing leaves. and H. Ivanova ... [et al.].