Every relatively convex-compact convex subset of a locally convex space is contained in a Banach disc. Moreover, an upper bound for the class of sets which are contained in a Banach disc is presented. If the topological dual $E'$ of a locally convex space $E$ is the $\sigma (E',E)$-closure of the union of countably many $\sigma (E',E)$-relatively countably compacts sets, then every weakly (relatively) convex-compact set is weakly (relatively) compact.
Generalized entropic functionals are in an active area of research. Hence lower and upper bounds on these functionals are of interest. Lower bounds for estimating Rényi conditional α-entropy and two kinds of non-extensive conditional α-entropy are obtained. These bounds are expressed in terms of error probability of the standard decision and extend the inequalities known for the regular conditional entropy. The presented inequalities are mainly based on the convexity of some functions. In a certain sense, they are complementary to generalized inequalities of Fano type.
The article deals with the numerical modelling of heat and mass transfer in the counterflow wet-cooling tower fill. Due to the complexity of this phenomenon the simplified model based on the set of four ODEs [1] was chosen. The used approach is generally applicable to the simulation of the distribution of moist air temperature. water temperature, specific humidity of air and water mass flow rate. Evaluation of the distribution of heat and mass sources is also done. Boundary condition for outlet water temperature are based on experimentally obtained Merkel number correlation. Numerical solution of chosen model was performed using Dormand-Prince method combined with shooting method. Results are compared with data available in the literature. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This study extends our previous work by examining the effects of alpha2 -adrenoceptors under cold stimulation involving the increase of myogenic vascular oscillations as increases of very-low-frequency and low-frequency of the blood pressure variab ility. Forty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: vehicle; yohimbine; hexamethonium+yohimbine; guanethidine+yohimbine. Systolic blood pressure, heart rate, power spectral analysis of spontaneous blood pressure and he art rate variability and spectral coherence at very-low-frequency (0.02 to 0.2 Hz), low-frequency (0.2 to 0.6 Hz), and high-frequency (0.6 to 3.0 Hz) regions were monitored using telemetry. Key findings are as follows: 1) Cooling-induced pressor response was attenuated by yohimbine and further attenuated by hexamethonium+yohimbine and guanethidine+yohimbine, 2) Cooling-induced tachycardia response of yohimbine was attenuated by hexame - thonium+yohimbine and guanethidine+yohimbine, 3) Different patterns of p ower spectrum reaction and coherence value compared hexamethonium+yohimbine and guanethi-dine+yohimbine to yohimbine alone under cold stimulation. The results suggest that sympathetic activation of the postsynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors causes vasoconstriction and heightening myogenic vascular oscillations, in turn, may increase blood flow to prevent tissue damage under stressful cooling challenge., Y.-H. Lin, Y.-P. Liu, Y.-C. Lin, P.-L. Lee, C.-S. Tung., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Movement learning results from synaptic plasticities in various sites of the brain. Three sites háve been particularly studied: the cortico-cortical synapses in the cerebral cortex, the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellar cortex and the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway at the level of the thalamocortical synapses. We intended to understand how these three adaptive processes cooperate for optimal performance during the arm reaching movement, and how the cerebellar learning is supervised. A neural network model was developed on the basis of two main prerequisites: the columnar organization of the cerebral cortex and the Marr-Albus-Ito theory of cerebellar learning. The synaptic plasticities observed on these sites were incorporated in the model as differential equations. The analytical resolution of the set of rules showed two main results. First, the adaptive processes taking place in different sites do not interfere but complement each other during the learning of the arm reaching movement. Secondly, any linear combination of the cerebral motor commands may generate olivary signals able to supervise the cerebellar learning process.
This article examines the relationship between the Union of South Africa (the Republic of South Africa)) and the western powers from 1948 to the late seventies. The emphasis is on relations with the USA and Great Britain in general and the economic, political and military cooperation between these countries in particular.
The xanthophyll cycle and the water-water cycle had different functional significance in chilling-sensitive sweet pepper upon exposure to chilling temperature (4 °C) under low irradiance (100 µmol m-2 s-1) for 6 h. During chilling stress, effects of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) on photosystem 2 (PS2) in dithiothreitol (DTT) fed leaves remained distinguishable from that of the water-water cycle in diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) fed leaves. In DTT-fed leaves, NPQ decreased greatly accompanied by visible inhibition of the de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle, and maximum photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Fv/Fm) decreased markedly. Thus the xanthophyll cycle-dependent NPQ could protect PS2 through energy dissipation under chilling stress. However, NPQ had a slighter effect on photosystem 1 (PS1) in DTT-fed leaves than in DDTC-fed leaves, whereas effects of the water-water cycle on PS1 remained distinguishable from that of NPQ. Inhibiting superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased the accumulation of O2, the oxidation level of P700 (P700+) decreased markedly relative to the control and DTT-fed leaves. Both Fv/Fm and NPQ changed little in DDTC-fed leaves accompanied by little change of (A+Z)/(V+A+Z). This is the active oxygen species inducing PS1 photoinhibition in sweet pepper. The water-water cycle can be interrupted easily at chilling temperature. We propose that during chilling stress under low irradiance, the xanthophyll cycle-dependent NPQ has the main function to protect PS2, whereas the water-water cycle is not only the pathway to dissipate energy but also the dominant factor causing PS1 chilling-sensitivity in sweet pepper. and X.-G. Li ... [et al.].
Cooperative games are very useful in considering profit allocation among multiple decision makers who cooperate with each other. In order to deal with cooperative games in practical situations, however, we have to deal with two additional factors. One is some restrictions on coalitions. This first factor has been taken into consideration through feasibility of coalitions. The other is partial cooperation of players. In order to describe this second factor, we consider fuzzy coalitions which permit partial participation in a coalition to a player. In this paper we take both of these factors into account in cooperative games. Namely, we analyze and discuss cooperative fuzzy games extended from ordinary cooperative games with restrictions on coalitions in two approaches. For the purpose of comparison of these two approaches, we define two special classes of extensions called U-extensions which satisfy linearity and W-extensions which satisfy U-extensions and two additional conditions, restriction invariance and monotonicity. Finally, we show sufficient conditions under which these obtained games in two approaches coincide.
In this paper we present an algebraic approach that describes the structure of analytic objects in a unified manner in the case when their transformations satisfy certain conditions of categorical character. We demonstrate this approach on examples of functional, differential, and functional differential equations.