Rozvoj paliatívnej starostlivosti v bývalom Československu je možné v modernej podobe sledovať až po roku 1989. Prvý hospic na území Českej republiky bol založený v roku 1995, na Slovensku až v roku 2002. Toto oneskorenie vývoja, spôsobené historickými udalosťami, sa odráža aj v legislatíve upravujúcej danú problematiku. Medzinárodnoprávna úprava a ústavnoprávna úprava sú v obidvoch krajinách v zásade rovnaké. Ako Česká, tak aj Slovenská republika sa hlásia k ochrane ľudských práv a slobôd i k ochrane zdravia. K ochrane zdravia patrí okrem mnohých iných aspektov aj poskytovanie paliatívnej starostlivosti, pričom táto starostlivosť je mnohokrát vnímaná ako okrajová. Dopyt po nej však vzhľadom k demografii obidvoch štátov zrejme bude stúpať a preto je namieste zaoberať sa právnym stavom tejto reality. Paliatívna starostlivosť zasahuje do zdravotnej a sociálnej sféry spoločnosti, pričom ale spolupráca medzi týmito sektormi nie je ani zďaleka ideálna. Súčasná medzinárodnoprávna úprava je neefektívna, čo je spôsobené jej špecifickým charakterom, vnútroštátna úprava je roztrieštená, neprehľadná a neúplná, čo poskytuje priestor pre vznik problémov v každodennej praxi. Orientácia v predmetnej právnej úprave nie je jednoduchá ani pre odborníka. Vzhľadom na fakt, že väčšina zdravotníckych pracovníkov pôsobiacich v oblasti poskytovania paliatívnej starostlivosti, sú laici, je pre nich táto úloha takmer nemožná. Cieľom tohto článku je poskytnúť prehľad predmetnej právnej úpravy s niekoľkými poznámkami ohľadom právnej úpravy sledovanej problematiky v Nemecku a v Rakúsku., The development of palliative care in former Czechoslovakia can be noticed only after the year 1989. The first hospice in the territory of the Czech Republic was founded in 1995, in the Slovak Republic in 2002. This delay of development, caused by historical events, is also reflected in the legislation regulating the given area. Regulation on international and constitutional level in both countries is essentially the same. Both Czech and Slovak Republic declare their support of the protection of human rights and freedoms, as well as protection of health. However provision of palliative care, although a part of health protection, is in reality often perceived as marginal and therefore neglected. Demand for palliative care, especially due to the demographic perspectives of the two countries, will most probably rise, and therefore addressing the legal aspects of this fact is most definitely in place. Palliative care in general closely connects both health and social care sectors of a society, but the actual cooperation between these sectors in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic is far from ideal. The current international regulation is ineffective, which is caused mainly by its specific nature, while the national regulation is fragmented, confusing and incomplete. This fact allows for the emergence of problems in everyday practice. The orientation in the related regulation is not easy even for a legal professional. Considering the fact that the majority of health professionals working in the area of providing palliative care are laymen, their orientation therein is virtually impossible. The aim of this article is to provide a basic overview of the relevant legislation in the Czech Republic with a couple of remarks regarding the legal regulation in Germany and Austria., Veronika Oškerová, and Literatura
The purpose of this study was to investigate the content neurospecific markers protein S-100 and neuroenolaza in blood serum and tear fluid of patients with ocular ischemic syndrome. Material and methods. We observed 43 patients aged 57 to 79 years, mean age 67.3 ± 2.7 years. Control group consisted of 11 volunteers without ophthalmic symptoms. The main group consisted of 32 patients with OIS. The neurospecific proteins S100 and NSE were investigated in blood serum and tear fluid. Results. The study found that in patients of the control group the content of protein were within the normal range: S -100 in the tear fluid – 0,0662 ± 0,00335 mkg/l, in the blood serum 0,0508 ± 0,00241 mkg/l. In patients of the main group the indicators of protein in the tear fluid were elevated in all patients - 3,12 ± 0,246 mkg/l ( p<0.005). The normal evels in blood serum of marker S-100 was in 30 patients - 0,0589 ± 0,00303 mkg/l, while, in 2 patients protein S-100 were raised and averaged 0,2175±0,00725 mkg/l. It was found that in patients of the control group content of protein NSE in the tear fluid and blood serum were within normal values - 15,86 ± 0,148 Ng/ml, 15,60 ± 0,202 Ng/ml respectively. In the main group the amount of protein NSE tended to increase in the tear fluid in 23 patients and averaged 33,012 ± 3,2626 Ng/ml (p<0.005), a significant decrease the quantity of protein was observed in 9 patients, which amounted to 5,166 ± 0,8301 Ng/ml. At normal levels in the blood serum protein NSE detected in 30 patients and averaged 14,48 ± 0,263 Ng/ml, whereas, in 2 patients there was a significant increase of content of protein NSE and was 27,47 ± 3,068 Ng/ml. Conclusions. Thus, changes in the concentration of S100 and neuroenolaza in the tear fluid in patients with ocular ischemic European Medical, Health and Pharmaceutical Journal ISSN 1804-5804 syndrome allow to identify as marker of nerve cells damage of the eye, contributing to the definition in conjunction with other signs of stage and etiology of the disease., Halidjan Kamilov, Munirahon Kasimova, Dilbar Makhkamova, and Literatura
Článek Lidské embryo v perspektivě bioetiky se podrobně věnuje současné bioetické diskuzi o morálním statusu lidského embrya. Nejdříve si klade otázku, zda je lidské embryo od okamžiku oplození individuálním jedincem lidského druhu a kriticky hodnotí některé námitky proti individualitě lidského embrya. Poté se zaměřuje na problematiku kritérií personální identity a jejich relevanci pro bioetickou diskuzi. Kriticky se vyrovnává rovněž s tzv. konstitucionalizmem. Metafyzickou reflexi uzavírá obhajoba animalismu. V poslední části článku se hodnotí etický relativismus, utilitarismus a předkládá se nárys etické teorie Johna M. Finnise. Závěr práce tvoří teze, že lidské embryo je od okamžiku svého vzniku lidskou osobou obdařenou inherentními, nezcizitelnými lidskými právy., The article The Human Embryo from a Bioethical Perspective devotes in detail to the contemporary bioethical discussion on the moral status of the human embryo. First, it rises an issue whether a human embryo is an individual being of a human kind since the moment of fertilization and it critically assesses some objections against individuality of the human embryo. Following that it focuses on criteria of personal identity and its relevance for bioethical discussion. It critically deals with the so called constitutionalism. Metaphysical reflection is concluded by a defense of animalism. The last part of the article evaluates ethical relativism, utilitarianism and brings in an outline of an ethical theory of John M. Finnis. The conclusion of the work consists of the thesis that the human embryo is a human being since the moment of its creation, abounding in inherent, inalienable human rights., and David Černý
Článek Lidské embryo v perspektivě bioetiky se podrobně věnuje současné bioetické diskuzi o morálním statusu lidského embrya. Nejdříve si klade otázku, zda je lidské embryo od okamžiku oplození individuálním jedincem lidského druhu a kriticky hodnotí některé námitky proti individualitě lidského embrya. Poté se zaměřuje na problematiku kritérií personální identity a jejich relevanci pro bioetickou diskuzi. Kriticky se vyrovnává rovněž s tzv. konstitucionalizmem. Metafyzickou reflexi uzavírá obhajoba animalismu. V poslední části článku se hodnotí etický relativismus, utilitarismus a předkládá se nárys etické teorie Johna M. Finnise. Závěr práce tvoří teze, že lidské embryo je od okamžiku svého vzniku lidskou osobou obdařenou inherentními, nezcizitelnými lidskými právy., The article The Human Embryo from a Bioethical Perspective devotes in detail to the contemporary bioethical discussion on the moral status of the human embryo. First, it rises an issue whether a human embryo is an individual being of a human kind since the moment of fertilization and it critically assesses some objections against individuality of the human embryo. Following that it focuses on criteria of personal identity and its relevance for bioethical discussion. It critically deals with the so called constitutionalism. Metaphysical reflection is concluded by a defense of animalism. The last part of the article evaluates ethical relativism, utilitarianism and brings in an outline of an ethical theory of John M. Finnis. The conclusion of the work consists of the thesis that the human embryo is a human being since the moment of its creation, abounding in inherent, inalienable human rights., and David Černý
In rats with leukemia activity of liver mitochondrial enzymes are decreased at 6 months. Later, we noted compensatory activation of complexes II and III of the respiratory chain and transition to decompensation stage by final deadline. The activity of complex IV of the respiratory chain remains high. These changes result from increased lipid peroxidation and decreased activity of antioxidant protection enzymes., Gulmira Kasymova, Ulugbek Zaribbaev, and Literatura
The article presents results of a study of the relationship 'locus of control health and subjective wellbeing. In a heterogeneous sample (N = 239) in the stage of youth (1930 years) shall be established: locus of control determines 11.56% of the changes in the assessment of health, changes in health contribute to 12.82% of the variation in assessment of happiness and 6.10% in the measurement of life satisfaction. Young people with an internal locus of control are healthier, happier and more satisfied with their lives than those with an external locus of control. In a study of cause effect relationship is established that internal locus of control determines a healthier lifestyle. Inadequate health care, more severe risk factors (stress, unhealthy diet, inadequate sleep, smoking) among young people with an external locus of control, outline prospects for greater vulnerability of this group of the population of the so called "Diseases of modern society." Most preferred activities of young people beneficial to their health are: walking, relaxation, hobbies and sports, and this is the way to state "flow" (activity of happiness) and highlights the positive experiences in health., Svetlana Popova, and Literatura
Cíl: Cílem našeho sdělení je přiblížit problematiku lymfomů urologických orgánů prostřednictvím analýzy vlastního souboru pacientů. Metoda: Na Urologické klinice FN Plzeň se za období 2010 až 2015 diagnóza lymfomu vyskytla u deseti pacientů. Provedly jsme retrospektivní analýzu diagnostického procesu, průběhu onemocnění a výsledků léčby. Histologie k potvrzení diagnózy maligního lymfomu byla získaná při chirurgickém výkonu nebo cílenou biopsií. Poté následovala časná imunochemoterapie v režimu R-CHOP (rituximab, cyklofosfamid, vincristin, adriamycin/doxorubicin, prednison), R-COP (bez doxorubicinu). Výsledky: Dominovaly lymfomy varlete u celkem sedmi pacientů, dále se jednalo o lymfom pravé nadledviny, lymfom peripelvické tkáně levé ledviny a lymfom malé pánve v těsném kontaktu s močovým měchýřem. U šesti pacientů s lymfomem varlat a u pacientky s lymfomem peripelvické tkáně levé ledviny bylo dosaženo kompletní remise. U jednoho pacienta s lymfomem varlete a u pacienta s lymfomem pánve v době sepsání práce léčba ještě probíhala a nález regredoval. V případě lymfomu nadledviny bylo dosaženo parciální remise onemocnění. Závěr: Primární nebo sekundární lymfomy urogenitálního traktu se v rámci urologických malignit vyskytují vzácně. Přesto by se na toto onemocnění mělo v diferenciálně diagnostické rozvaze pomýš- let. Role urologa je v zajištění histologické verifikace onemocnění a případně i v chirurgické léčbě, po které následuje terapie vedená hematoonkologem. Časná diagnostika a neodkladná onkologická léčba má zásadní význam v navození kompletní remise a dlouhodobém přežívání nemocných s touto diagnózou., Aim: The aim of this report is to describe the issue of lymphomas of urological organs through the analysis of our own patients. Methods: At the Departement of Urology in Pilsen the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma occured in ten patients in the period 2010 till 2015. We performed a retrospective analysis of the diagnostic process, disease course and outcome. Histology for confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained by surgical operation or targeted biopsy. The patients were thereafter treated by immunochemotherapy R-CHOP (rituximab, cyklophoshamid, vincristine, adriamycin/doxorubicin, prednisone) or R-COP (without doxorubicin). Resluts: Most frequent were testicular lymphomas in seven patients, one case of right adrenal lymphoma, one lymphoma of peripelvic tissue of left kidney and one patient with lymphoma of the small pelvis in close contact to the urinary bladder. Six patients with testicular lymphoma and the patient with lymphoma of peripelvic tissue achieved complete remission. In one patient with testicular lymphoma and the patient with lymphoma of the small pelvis the therapy was ongoing and regression of findings were documented at the time of publication. The patient with adrenal lymphoma achieved partial remission. Conlusion: Primary or secondary urogenital lymphomas are rare urological malignancies. Nevertheless this illness should be contemplated in the differential diagnosis. The role of urologist is to provide surgical treatment and histological verification of the disease, followed by haematooncologal therapy. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is fundamental for inducing complete remission and for long-term survival of patients with this disease., Daniela Kovářová, Samuel Vokurka, Olga Dolejšová, Milan Hora, Jana Kuntscherová, Boris Kreuzberg, Zdeněk Chudáček, and Literatura