This paper presents a real-time cycle slip detection and repair strategy for the BDS-3 triplefrequency and quad-frequency phase observations. For the triple-frequency phase observations, two EWL code-phase combinations and one GF-phase combination are jointly employed to detect and repair cycle slips. Based on the different performances in the success of cycle slip detection and repair, this paper uses GF-phase combinations to detect and repair cycle slip individually. Specifically, the GF-phase combination with a large MTIV value is applied to detect cycle slip possessing the stronger ability to resist ionospheric delay. Besides, the GF-phase combination with a higher success rate of cycle slip repair is selected to repair cycle slip, and the classic LAMBDA method and Ratio test are implemented to fix the cycle slip solution and evaluate reliability separately. For the quad-frequency phase observations, we employ a supernumerary EWL combination based on the triple-frequency, which can directly determine the cycle slip value of the 4th frequency. The results show that the cycle slip estimation value still can detect and repair all real and artificially added cycle slips even under harsh conditions. Moreover, the overall cycle slip repair success rate is greater than 99.99 %., Hao Wang, Shuguo Pan, Wang Gao, Fei Ye, Chun Ma, Ju Tao and Yunfeng Wang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
An analysis of Rádl’s Útěcha z filosofie (The Consolation of Philosophy) reveals it to be a work in which Rádl, ailing and overcome by events, resorts to mere moralising. It is my view that, even here, he maintains the full dynamic unity of wordly reality, which governs life itself, and abstract morality, which is supported by philosophical theories and systems. Despite the fact that many theses and concepts in the Consolation give the impression of a stereotypical moralising of life (“The Moral Order”), we always find in the text, alongside these themes, counterbalancing realist theses (life itself, the individual). I understand this balance between a concrete and a moral approach to human life as the principle reason for treating Rádl as closer to Socrates than to Plato (on the basis of the conception of the difference between Socrates and Plato in “Eternity and Historicity”, I take issue with Patočka’s “Platonic” interpretation of Rádl)., Tomáš Hejduk., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Diabetes mellitus je závažným zdravotnickým a ekonomickým problémem současnosti. Terapie je vnímána primárně jako prevence pozdních komplikací diabetu. Většina farmakoekonomických analýz uvádí, že náklady spojené s terapií diabetes mellitus jsou z větší části spotřebovány na terapii komplikací. Projekt Národního diabetologického informačního systému vychází ze základního principu automatizovaného sběru dat, která jsou k dispozici v České republice v elektronické podobě a která současně popisují kvalitu a kvantitu péče poskytovaného pacientů s diabetes mellitus i s jejími výsledky. Výhodou postulovaného Národního diabetologického informačního systému je minimalizace selektivní ztráty dat, komplexní pohled na epidemiologii, terapii a její výsledky, možnost sledování trendů, zahrnutí nákladů spojených s hospitalizací a sociálními dávkami. Rizikem zůstává správná interpretace a možnost systémové chyby. Jestliže by se podařilo v České republice podobný systém uskutečnit, bude to první takto komplexní plně automatizovaný informační systém na světě. Závěr: Data popisující incidenci a prevalenci diabetes mellitus, strukturu terapie, náklady přímé na zdravotní péči i indukované na sociálních platbách jsou v naprosté většině k dispozici v elektronické podobě. Vzniká tak možnost založení Národního diabetologického informačního systému, který umožní kontinuální vyhodnocování kvality péče o pacienty s diabetes mellitus včetně farmakoekonomických a sociálních důsledků. Klíčová slova: datové zdroje – diabetes mellitus – farmakoekonomika – informační systém – komplikace diabetes mellitus – registr, Diabetes mellitus is a serious health and economic problem of our time. Therapy is primarily perceived as prevention of the late complications of diabetes. Most pharmacoeconomic analyses state that the cost associated with the therapy of diabetes mellitus is largely spent on the therapy of its complications. The project of the National Diabetes Information System is based on the essential principle of automated collection of data which is available in digital form in the Czech Republic and which describes the quality and quantity of the care provided for patients with diabetes mellitus and its results. Benefits of the posited National Diabetes Information System embrace minimizing of selective loss of data, a comprehensive view of epidemiology, therapy and its results, possibility of following trends, inclusion of costs related to hospitalization and social benefits. Risks involve correct interpretation and a possible system error. If we succeeded in implementing such system in the Czech Republic, it would be the first fully automatic information system on such a comprehensive scale worldwide. Conclusion: The data describing the incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus, therapy structure, direct healthcare costs and induced costs of social payments is in the largest part available in digital form. This creates a basis for the foundation of the National Diabetes Information System which will allow for continuous quality assessment of care for patients with diabetes mellitus, including the related pharmacoeconomic and social impacts. Key words: data sources – diabetes mellitus – pharmacoeconomics – information system – complications of diabetes mellitus – register, and Milan Kvapil
The source-sink relationship is one of major determinants of plant performance. The influence of reproductive sink demand on light-saturated photosynthesis (Pmax), dark respiration (RD), stomatal conductance (gs), intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi), contents of soluble sugar (SSC), nitrogen, carbon, and photosynthetic pigments was examined in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. ‘Brigitta’) during the final stage of rapid fruit growth. Measurements were performed three times per day on developed, sun-exposed leaves of girdled shoots with 0.1, 1, and 10 fruit per leaf (0.1F:L, 1F:L, and 10F:L, respectively) and nongirdled shoots bearing one fruit per leaf (NG). Girdling and lower fruit amount induced lower Pmax, gs, N, and total chlorophyll (Chl) and higher WUEi, SSC, RD, Chl a/b ratio and carotenoids-to-chlorophylls ratio (Car/Chl) for the 1F:L and 0.1F:L treatments. The impact of girdling was counterbalanced by 10F:L, with NG and 10F:L having similar values. Variables other than Pmax, RD, gs, WUEi, and SSC were unaffected throughout the course of the day. Pmax and gs decreased during the course of the day, but gs decreased more than Pmax in the afternoon, while WUEi was increasing in almost all treatments. SSC increased from the morning until afternoon, whereas RD peaked at noon regardless of the treatment. Generally, Pmax was closely and negatively correlated to SSC, indicating that sugar-sensing mechanisms played an important role in regulation of blueberry leaf photosynthesis. With respect to treatments, Pmax and N content were positively related, while RD was not associated to substrate availability. The enhanced Car/Chl ratio showed a higher photoprotection under the lower sink demand. Changes in the source-sink relationship in 'Brigitta' blueberry led to a rearrangement of physiological and structural leaf traits which allowed adjusting the daily balance between carbon assimilation and absorbed light energy., E. Jorquera-Fontena, M. Alberdi, M. Reyes-Díaz, N. Franck., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Whole cell patch-clamp recordings from GABAergic cells of thalamic reticular nucleus (RTN) in thalamocortical slices made from postnatal day 6 (P6) to 10 (P10) were used to investigate the pattern of rebound bursts (RBs) triggered by an injection of hyperpolarizing current into RTN cells. The number of RBs in the RTN and the overlying Na+/K+ spikes changed in an agedependent manner. The generation of RBs depended largely on the amplitude of the after-hyperpolarizations (AHPs). RB patterns in response to hyperpolarizing current injection into relay cells were markedly different from RB patterns in RTN cells with an after-depolarization. GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) changed burst firing patterns, increasing the duration of RB and decreasing the amplitude of AHP in RTN cells. Furthermore, local puffs of NMDA in the presence of BMI induced RBs. K+ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine partially mimicked the effect of BMI on AHPs. The shapes of RBs were altered by a selective CaMKII inhibitor KN-62, but not by an inactive analog KN-04., X. Wang ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy