Stáří a stárnutí jedinců jsou bezpochyby fenomény, které zaujímaly významné místo ve společnosti již v dobách dávno minulých. Během 20. století však nabrala otázka stárnutí nového rozměru, neboť začala nově přesahovat z úrovně individuální na úroveň celospolečenskou. V důsledku zlepšování některých společenských podmínek (např. lékařské péče, životního stylu, hygieny, životní úrovně atd.), jež bylo nastartováno již zhruba na počátku 19. století, dochází k odsouvání úmrtí do vyšších věků, a lidé tak žijí déle. V moderních společnostech je tento jev obvykle doprovázen poklesem porodnosti a plodnosti. Kombinace těchto dvou faktorů pak ve svém konečném důsledku způsobuje proces, který nazýváme demografickým stárnutím. Obecně je tedy třeba rozlišovat dva pohledy na problematiku stárnutí. První pohled se zaměřuje na tzv. stárnutí individuální, druhý přístup se zabývá demografickým stárnutím lidských populací, ovšem je zřejmé, že obě dvě hlediska jsou mezi sebou navzájem provázaná. Podobně tomu bude i v následujícímpříspěvku, jenž se bude zabývat nejen přehledem problematiky demografického stárnutí, ale dotkne se také otázek o dlouhověkosti a kvalitě života, které se dostávají do popředí v souvislosti s tematikou stárnutí jednotlivců., Old age and aging of individuals are phenomenons that took important place in society as early as former times. During twentieth century the question of aging got new meaning, because it newly started to overreach from individual level to all-society. As a result of improvement of some social conditions (f.e. medical care, lifestyle, hygiene, living standard etc.), that was already initiated approximately at the beginning of the nineteenth century, dying started to be moved to higher age and people live longer. In modern societies this event usually goes with decline of natality and fertility. In final effect combination of these two factors causes the process that is known as demographic aging. In general we have to distinction between two views of problems of aging. The first view is focused on individual aging, the second one on demographic aging of human population. But it is clear that both of these views relate to each other. Similarly this article offers the roundup of problems of demographic aging, but also gives a touch of questions about longevity and quality of life, that gain ground in connection with theme of individual aging., Michaela Dimitrová., and Seznam literatury
Paper was based on archival research and props upon relevant literature, all Serbian, Albanian, and written in foreign languages, depicting Albanian ethnic population development in Kosovo within 20th century. We consider it to be the most crucial for any and all political processes, taking place in said region during 20th century. It reflects also demographic evolution of other Kosovo ethnics/nationalities, showing them in mutual interactions. In its second part Paper herein analysis both causes and consequences of Albanian demographic revolution., Václav Štěpánek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In this article the authors review the trends and differentials in mortality from self-inflicted injury and poisoning in the Czech Republic between the early 1970s and the present in terms of their socio-economic and demographic associations. They describe the sources of data on suicide and explore the possible extent of under-reporting of deaths from suicide, and they examine the differences in suicide incidence by age and sex. With the decline in mortality from suicide, the male/female ratio of suicide rates increased from about 2,6 in the early 1970s to around 4.0 in recent years. Suicide rates increase steadily with age, and this pattern did not noticeably change during the period reviewed, The age-specific suicide rates of older men and women declined more than the rates for younger people. As in other societies, married men and women have the lowest suicide rates; in contrast, divorce puts both men and women at the greatest risk of suicide. The authors attempt to investigate the social correlates of suicide by analysing the variation in suicide rates among districts in the Czech Republic and selected socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the district populations. Stepwise regression analysis is used to identify three independent variables that explain 50% of the variation in suicide rates among districts: the abortion ratio, the percentage of locally born population, and the percentage of adults with limited education.
On September 16, 2015 theOriental Institute of the CAS organized an international conference, which addressed the question of the meanings of democracy in the Middle East, Asia, and Russia and the role that democracy plays in the discourse of the political elites and non-state actors in these regions. The case studies at the conference described the situation in Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, China and Russia. Democracy plays a crucial role in the efforts of the Western world to promote peace and stability and maintain international security. However, in recent years, countries such as China and Russia have explicitly offered an alternative interpretation of democracy to the public, both domestically and internationally, one which builds on national, cultural and political traditions and contradicts the claims for universality common in theWest. Furthermore, non-universalistic discourses on democracy have become popular among diverse non-state actors, such as Islamicmovements, non-formal authorities, or civil society across the Middle East and Central Asia. These developments have important implications for both the efforts aimed at the promotion of democracy and for the advance of democracy in general. and Věra Exnerová.