Cíl: Stručný přehled analytických a klinických aspektů měření parathyroidního hormonu v séru s důrazem na posouzení srovnatelnosti současně používaných metod v klinických laboratořích. Metoda: Prostudování a vyhodnocení recentní odborné literatury z let 2009-2014, doplněné experimentem u souboru pacientů léčených na hemodialýze. V něm bylo sledováno 99 pacientů třemi metodami druhé generace (Roche, DiaSorin, Siemens DPC) a dvěma metodami 3. generace (DiaSorin, Roche). Výsledky a diskuse: Výsledky získané různými metodami jsou velmi odlišné. Hodnoty mediánů jsou až dvojnásobně odlišné a u zvýšených hodnot jsou rozdíly ještě vyšší. Systematické diference jsou významné nejen mezi metodami různých generací, ale (méně) i mezi metodami generací stejných. Četnost výsledků uvnitř rozhodovacího limitu KDIGO 2009 se v závislosti na použitém kitu lišila u pacientů na hemodialýze až 2,5 násobně. Prvním krokem k postupné harmonizaci měření PTH u renálně nemocných pacientů by mělo být použití 3. generace imunochemických metod. Principiálním řešením bude standardizace na bázi separačních metod LC-MS/MS., Method: Overview of recent literature on the PTH comparability from 2009-2014. Comparison of PTH results obtained from 99 patients on the hemodialysis during their regular controls. We used for this purpose three methods of 2nd generation (DiaSorin, Roche, Siemens DPC) and two methods of 3th generation (DiaSorin, Roche). Results and discussion: Results obtained by different methods are not comparable. Median values are two times or more (in higher concentrations) different between results obtained by 2nd or 3th generation of methods. Differences between methods of the same generation are also significant. Number of patients on the hemodialysis with values in required interval of decision limits according to KDIGO 2009 was strongly dependent on the used method and maximum of these differences was approximately 250%. In our opinion is introducing the 3th generation methods of measurement PTH first step to improving the use of PTH in chronic renal diseased patients. Definitive step to rational use of PTH measurement is standardization. Keywords: PTH, 2nd and 3th generation of methods, hemodialysis, comparability, standardization., Vávrová J., Friedecký B., Pavlíková L., and Literatura
The study of migration in the Czech lands in the early modern age should, in the author’s view, focus particularly on several basic questions. One of these is the cause of migration. Czech research has thus far tended to overlook the discussion discusion, where a Malthusian opinion on the fundamental significance of “overpopulation” is countered by opposing views that see the main cause of migration as being the appeal of the target regions. Other important question areas with regard to this migration are the supplementation of urban populations and not just the propertied classes that research tends to limit itself to. The regionalisation process in the Czech lands, viewed from the perspective of the intensity and direction of migration flows, geographic mobility in terms of social and professional categories, especially migration connected with the performance of various professions, questions about the links between migration and communication networks, the directions of migration flows and their forms (organised or unmethodical, forced or voluntary, seasonal or fluctuating), and the migration of marginal segments of the population. At the same time it is necessary to study the factors restricting migration, such as seigniorial agreement and the scope of the strengthening of serfdom, economic ties (inheritance rights), administrative boundaries (municipality, parish, estate, denomination, the geographical shape of the land), and the consequences of migration, for example, for life in the regions that the temporary migrants departed from, or for nationality developments in the country (shifts in language boundaries, Germanification of towns). This text also presents a systematic overview of the sources available in the Czech archives for the study of migration in the Czech lands in the early modern age.
The Czech government is obliged to guarantee equality for men and women. Despite that, it recognizes this duty only in theory; in practice it contravenes the principles of this formal agreement. The government’s programme, politics, legislation, and state budget and governmental structures are marked by a lack of gender equity and the failure to promote women’s rights. The hidden structural mechanisms causing gender discrimination can be analyzed by means of a gender audit of the government. This is an effective tool for defining the most critical areas of state politics, and it creates a relevant strategy for challenging negative effects. In doing so, a gender audit of the government can also be a rich source of public education and can help to promote public and political discussion on the topic of gender issues. In this article, the author argues in favour of carrying out a gender audit of the Czech government and its politics. She explains how certain areas of politics affect men and women differently, and how their gender correct transformation can positively contribute to democratic and just governance., Tereza Handlová., and Obsahuje bibliografii