The short war waged in the autumn of 1962 between India and China for disputed territory in High Himalayas had a long-term devasting effect on the relations between the two Asian powers. The present first part of a study recapitulating the genesis of the dispute and subsequent road to military confrontation maps the origins of the problem in the colonial period of Indian history, with particular focus on changes in British cdecision making in the evolving international context. The one-sided furthering of territorial claims in the absence of a strong and determined adversary led, paradoxically, to parallel exdistence of several alternative frontier lines with no fixed and clearly demarcated border in existence along the extended Indo-Tibetan boundary. The second instalment will follow the developments in the dramatically changed conditions after the emergence in the 1950s of India and China as two strong independent nations., Jaroslav Strnad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The new power configuration that emerged in the regions of South and East Asia in the wake of World War II and the following decolonization process introduced new players to the game of international politics; the roles played by them were orten inherited from the actors of the previous era. it was the general framework of the bipolar world system and the Cold War that represented a new element in traditional rivalries, and which had the capacity to exacerbate problems that had previously lain dormant. The genesis and escalation of the India-china border dispute, interconnected with the status of Tibet, which was viewed by China as part of her own territory and contemplated by India as a semi-independent buffer state, serves as a classic example. On the Indian side, the problem was further aggravated by the inability of the government to coordinate and fully control the activities of its iontelligence. The article follows the gradual development of the ambiguous approach of Indian foreign policy toward its northern neighbour and the silent Indian acquiescence of the involvement of the United States in the Tibetan issue up to the first bloody border clashes in 1959., Jaroslav Strnad., and Obsahuje bibliografii
While fear of crime is frequently discussed internationally, it is currently addressed by only a limited number of Czech studies. The aim of the paper is to present the main methodological concepts that have infl uenced the research on fear of crime and the design of indicators by which this phenomenon is measured. Furthermore, we evaluate and compare fear of crime measures in three surveys - the Euro-Justis pilot project, the fi fth wave of the large-scale international European Social Survey and a survey of the Public Opinion Research Centre - and provide information about whether and to what extent people fear crime. The results of the analysis suggest that the wording and type of questions could be crucial in measuring fear of crime and that although a signifi cant proportion of respondents declared being fearful their “fear experiences” are found to be relatively rare., Eva Moravcová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
a1_We analyzed fiber type composition of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of 3- to 19-month-old male and female inbred Lewis rats using histochemical demonstration of mATPase activity. The rats were divided into four groups of the mean age of 3, 6, 9 and 14 months. We found that the soleus muscle of 3-month-old rats contained significantly more of fast 2A fibers and less of slow type 1 fibers compared to older rats, while no significant difference was found between female and male rats at any age group. In contrast, we found no significant difference in the EDL fiber type composition among the age groups, but we found that the EDL muscle of female rats contained significantly less 2A fibers and more 2B fibers than that of male animals. Our results thus revealed an age difference in the soleus muscle and a sex difference in the EDL muscle among postnatal Lewis rats. The number of slow type 1 fibers in the soleus muscle varied between 87 and 100 % and that of 2A fibers between 13 and 0 %. In the EDL the percentage of type 1 fibers varied between 2.6 and 8.7 %, that of 2A fibers between 12.6 and 25.8 % and that of 2B fibers between 70.4 and 81.6 %. Both muscles thus exhibited a considerable degree of variability among individual animals even in the same age group. Furthermore, a comparison of the Lewis rats with literature data of other rat strains showed that the number of fast 2A fibers in the soleus muscle of 4-month-old and older animals decreased in this order: SHR > Lister Hooded > Fisher 344 > Sprague- Dawley > Wistar > WBN/Kob > Lewis strain, being almost 20 % in the SHR and less than 2 % in the Lewis rats. In contrast, the “fastest” composition (judged according to the percentage of the fastest 2B fibers) of the EDL muscle was demonstrated by Lewis, Wistar and Fisher 344 rats (about 75 %), while Sprague-Dawley and WBN/Kob rats contained only about 50 % of 2B fibers., a2_The percentage of slow type 1 fibers in the EDL was low in all strains (about 5 %). Our results thus show that the individual, age and sex as well as inter-strain differences in muscle fiber type composition should not be ignored when comparing results of different studies. We also demonstrated that the inbred Lewis strain appears to have more “specialized” muscle composition, as its soleus is the “slowest” and its EDL is the “fastest” among the routinely used rat strains., P. Novák, G. Zachařová, T. Soukup., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Two new species of Polydictya Guérin-Méneville, 1844 from Vietnam, P. grootaerti sp. n. from Central Vietnam and P. drumonti sp. n. from North Vietnam, are described and compared with the closest species, P. chantrainei Nagai & Porion, 2004 and P. kuntzi Nagai & Porion, 2004. The male genitalia are described and illustrated for the two new species as well as for P. vietnamica Constant & Pham, 2008 for the first time. Habitus details and photographs, a distribution map and photographs of specimens in nature when available, are provided. The occurrence of P. vietnamica from Thailand and Northeast India, noted here for the first time based on photographs taken in nature, requires confirmation based on the examination of specimens. An identification key to the species of Polydictya from the Indochinese region is provided., Jérôme Constant, Hong-Thai Pham., and Obsahuje bibliografii