Molekulový pohled na ideální plyn je vděčným tématem úloh fyzikální olympiády. V tomto příspěvku jsme vybbrali dvě zajímavé úlohy, které byly zadány ve fyzikální olympiádě na Slovensku. Ještě před jejich představením však uvedeme jednu oblíbenou úlohu profesora Ivo Volfa, kterou se snažil studentům přiblížit: Kolik že molekul plynu se nachází v běžně velké nádobě o velikosti 10 litrů?, Ľubomír Konrád, Jan Kříž, Filip Studnička, Bohumil Vybíral., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The paper reports the results of studying the kinetics of DGEBA reactions with maleic anhydride catalyzed by N, N-dimethyl aniline (DMA). This stuffs are used as phot oelastic model materials. The origination of monoester was studied separately on a model reaction of maleic anhydride with isopropyl alcohol. The subsequent reaction of epox y groups with monoester was examined on a system of epoxy resin and isopropyl maleic monoester. The curing process depends significantly on the content of hydroxyl groups in the system., František Kolář and Jaroslava Svítilová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Measurements of ryanodine receptor (RyR) activity during dynamic changes of calcium concentration have suggested that RyR has at least four calcium binding sites, and that activation transpires as an increase in the activity within the high open probability H-mode. Binding of several Ca2+ ions within the H-mode should manifest itself in the steady-state RyR activity by the presence of multiple closed times. However, previously only two closed times were detected in the H-mode of RyR activity. Here we recorded steady-state activity of single cardiac RyRs with high temporal resolution and compared it to data simulated under the same conditions using our previously published model of RyR gating. At a 10 kHz resolution, the closed time histograms of both experimental and simulated data had three exponential components. The closed times of simulated data were not significantly different from those obtained experimentally. After filtering at 2 kHz, only two exponential closed time components with time constants not significantly different from those previously published could be detected in both experimental and simulated records. The conformity of the steady-state experimental data to the model derived from the dynamic data provides further support for the idea that RyRs need binding of multiple Ca2+ ions to open., M. Dura, I. Zahradník, A. Zahradníková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Measurements of the gasification rate of chars from lignite with admixtures by steam or CO2 showed that the admixtures of polymers, celluloses and wood reduce reactivity of resulting chars. The decrease of reactivity significantly manifests itself at both 800 °C and 900 °C. This is caused mainly by lower inner surface area which resists the gasification reactions. This negative phenomenon can be compensated by addition of magnetite, which acts as Fe-catalyst of the reactions of chars with steam as well as CO2 and accelerates the gasification. Through the isoconversional analysis, it was proven that the presence of magnetite significantly lowers the effective activation energy of these reactions, thus accelerating their course. The measurements of the reaction rate showed that it leads to a two- or three-fold acceleration of gasification., Pavel Straka., and Obsahuje bibliografii