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2832. Barokní přelud v zrcadle věčného klasicismu: Diskuse o pojmu baroka ve francouzském dějepise umění

Creator:
Biegel, Richard
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Language:
Czech
Description:
Termín baroko označuje ve středoevropském dějepise umění uměleckou formu a zároveň celou epochu, která nastupuje po renesanci a předchází klasicismu 19. století. Při vytváření velkých syntetických prací pak bývá toto časově umělecké označení aplikováno i na vývoj umění v jiných evropských zemích, a to i v těch, které jej samy v kontextu svého umění neužívají. Nejostřeji lze tento rozpor ukázat ve francouzském dějepise umění. Pojem baroko znamenal ve Francii dlouho pejorativní označení pro architekturu, která se prohřešila proti dobrému, tedy klasickému vkusu. Ztělesněním „špatného vkusu" se pak stala zejména architektura Francesca Borrominiho a jeho následovníků, z nichž někteří byli i studenty francouzské akademie v Římě. V 19. a 20. století prošel pojem baroko zajímavou proměnou, při které se z „narušovatele" klasické architektury stal v představách některých teoretiků jejím věčným protipólem. Po druhé světové válce začali francouzští badatelé objevovat středoevropskou architekturu 18. století. Díky tomu pozitivní vnímání tohoto pojmu ještě zesílilo. V současné době se dokonce hovoří o tom, že pojem „barokní" může vystřídat dříve užívaný pojem „klasický", který po staletí charakterizoval francouzskou architekturu od ló. do 19. století. Tímto ztotožněním dvou původně protichůdných pojmů by však oba ztratily smysl. Práce se pokouší upozornit na to, že pojmosloví každé uměleckohistorické školy se vyvíjí spolu se zkoumáním konkrétního materiálu a že takto vzniklé pojmy není možné mechanicky přenášet z jednoho kulturního okruhu do druhého. Zároveň naznačuje, že nelze rezignovat na snahu hledat tyto univerzální pojmy, které představují vyšší komunikační úroveň a dávají nám nahlédnout umění v celku nebo v širších souvislostech - je pouze třeba pojmy dobře definovat a respektovat odlišnosti jednotlivých uměleckohistorických škol, které mohou mimo jiné poukazovat na hlubší rozdíly mezi charakterem a souvislostmi uměleckých děl z různých kulturních okruhů. and The term ‘Baroque’ in Central European art history denotes an artistic form and at the same time the entire period following the Renaissance and preceding 19th-century Classicism. In the creation of great synthetic works, this arthistorical denotation is commonly applied to the development of art in other European countries as well - including those which don’t use it themselves in the context of their own art. This conflict may be seen most distinctly in French art history. The term ‘Baroque’ was long a pejorative label in France for architecture which had sinned against good - that is, Classical - taste. In particular, the architecture of Francesco Borromini and his followers, some of whom were also students at the French Academy in Rome, was taken to be the incarnation of such ‘bad taste’. The term ‘Baroque’ underwent an interesting transformation in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which it saw itself transformed from a ‘vitiator’ of Classical architecture to its eternal antipole in the minds of certain theoreticians. After World War Two, French scholars began rediscovering 18th-century Central European architecture, thanks to which the positive perception of the term was enhanced even further. At present, it is said that the term ‘Baroque’ might even supersede the formerly accepted term ‘Classical’, which has characterised French architecture from the 16th to the 19th centuries for hundreds of years. Thus made equivalent, these two terms, once opposed, would both be divested of meaning. This work attempts to draw attention to the fact that the way particular arthistorical schools conceive their terminology proceeds in tandem with research into concrete materials and that the terms arising in the process cannot be transferred mechanically from one cultural sphere to another. At the same time, it points out that one need not resign oneself to a quest for such universal terms representing a higher level of communication and give us an overview of art as a whole or in a wider context - it is only necessary to properly define one’s terms and respect the differences between individual arthistorical schools, which may, incidentally, point to deeper differences between the characters and contexts of artworks from various cultural milieus.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

2833. Barokní sborník kronik ze zámecké knihovny v Mnichově Hradišti

Creator:
Tošnerová, Marie
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Tomáš Pešina of Čechorod, Wallensteinian Library in Mnichovo Hradiště, and chronicles
Language:
Multiple languages
Description:
The library of the Czech historian Tomaš Pešina of Čechorod who lived in the time after the White Mountain is nowadays part of the family library of the Wallensteins which is housed at the castle in Mnichovo Hradiště. This article focuses on the series of chronicles coming from the estate of Pešina and created around the mid 14th century. The codex contains both copies of national chronicles (Chronicle by Bartošek of Drahonice, Chronicle by Přibik Pulkava of Radonin and Old Czech Annals) and chronicles of the Mladá Boleslav Town and Žatec Town.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

2835. Baroreflex control of heart rate in young and adult salt hypertensive inbred dahl rats

Creator:
Jan Nedvídek and Josef Zicha
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, srdeční rytmus, krevní tlak, stárnutí, heart rate, blood pressure, aging, baroreflex sensitivity, salt intake, phenylephrine, inbred Dahl rats, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
Baroreflex control of heart rate was studied in inbred salt-sensitive (SS/Jr) and salt-resistant (SR/Jr) Dahl rats that were subjected to chronic dietary sodium chloride loading (for 4 weeks) either in youth or only in adulthood, i.e. from the age of 4 or 12 weeks. Using phenylephrine administration to pentobarbital-anesthetized male rats we have demonstrated the decreased baroreflex sensitivity (lower slope for reflex bradycardia) in young prehypertensive SS/Jr rats fed a low-salt diet as compared to age-matched SR/Jr animals. High salt intake further suppressed baroreflex sensitivity in young SS/Jr but not in SR/Jr rats. Baroreflex sensitivity decreased with age in SR/Jr rats, whereas it increased in SS/Jr rats fed a low-salt diet. Thus at the age of 16 weeks baroreflex sensitivity was much higher in SS/Jr than in SR/Jr animals. High salt intake lowered baroreflex sensitivity even in adult SS/Jr rats without affecting it in adult SR/Jr rats. Nevertheless, baroreflex sensitivity was significantly lower in young SS/Jr rats with a severe salt hypertension than in adult ones with a moderate blood pressure elevation. It is concluded that the alterations of baroreflex sensitivity in young inbred SS/Jr rats (including the response to high salt intake) are similar to those described earlier for outbred salt-sensitive Dahl rats. We have, however, disclosed contrasting age-dependent changes of baroreflex sensitivity in both inbred substrains of Dahl rats., J. Nedvídek, J. Zicha., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

2836. Baroreflex sensitivity determined by spectral method and heart rate variability, and two-years mortality in patients after myocardial infarction

Creator:
Nataša Honzíková, Bořivoj Semrád, Fišek, B., and Růžena Lábrová
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, infarkt myokardu, myocardial infarction, baroreflex sensitivity, spectral analysis, cardiac death, risk stratification, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
Sympathetic overactivity and low parasympathetic activity is an autonomic dysfunction (AD) which enhances cardiac mortality. In the present study, the impact of AD on the mortality in patients after myocardial infarction was evaluated. We examined 162 patients 7-21 days after myocardial infarction, 20 patients of whom died in the course of two years. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was estimated by spectral analysis of spontaneous fluctuations of systolic blood pressure and cardiac intervals (Finapres, 5 min recording, controlled breathing 20/min). The heart rate variability was determined as SDNN index (mean of standard deviations of RR intervals for all 5-min segments of 24-hour ECG recordings). BRS < 3 ms/mm Hg and/or SDNN index < 30 ms were taken as markers of AD. The risk stratification was performed according to the number of the following standard risk factors of increased risk of cardiac mortality (SRF): ejection fraction < 40 %, positive late potentials and the presence of ventricular extrasystoles > 10/h. No difference in mortality between patients with AD (4 %) and without AD (4.5 %) was found in 92 patients without SRF, the mortality in 6 patients with three SRF was 66.6 %. Five of these patients had AD. Out of 64 patients with one or two SRF, 32 had AD. The mortality of patients without AD was 6.25 % and 31.2 % of those with AD (p<0.025). It is concluded that AD enhanced two-years mortality five fold in our patients with moderate risks., N. Honzíková, B. Semrád, B. Fišer, R. Lábrová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

2837. Baroreflex sensitivity in premature infants: relation to the parameters characterizing intrauterine and postnatal condition

Creator:
Haskova, K., Michal Javorka, Czippelova, B., Mirko Zibolen, and Kamil Javorka
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, novorozenci, newborns, baroreflex sensitivity, premature newborns, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
At present, there are insufficient information about baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and factors that determine BRS in premature newborns. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between BRS and the characteristics that reflecting the intrauterine development (gestational age and birth weight), as well as postnatal development (postconception age and the actual weight of the child at the time of measurement). We examined 57 premature infants, who were divided into groups according to gestational age and postconception age as well as birth weight, and weight at the time of measurement. Continuous and noninvasive registration of peripheral blood pressure (BP) was perf ormed in every child within 2-5 m in under standard conditions using a Portapres (FMS) device. The results showed a close correlation of baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate and respiratory rate with gestational age, postconception age, birth weight and actual weight at the time of measureme nt premature newborns. An increase in the characteristics (ages and weights) resulted in increased BRS and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and in decreased heart and respiratory rates. Baroreflex sensitivity in the first week was in the group of very premature newborns the lowest (4.11 ms/mmHg) and in the light premature newborns was almost double (8.12 ms/mmHg). BRS increases gradually in relation to postnatal (chronological) and to postconception age as well as to birth and actual weight. The multifact or analysis of BRS identified birth weight and postconception age as the best BRS predictors. The two independent variables together explained 40 % of interindividual BRS variability., K. Haskova, M. Javorka, B. Czippelova, M. Zibolen, K. Javorka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

2838. Barrelledness of generalized sums of normed spaces

Creator:
Fernández, Ariel, Florencio, Miguel, and Oliveros, J.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
barrelled spaces and generalized sequences
Language:
English
Description:
Let $(E_{i})_{i\in I}$ be a family of normed spaces and $\lambda $ a space of scalar generalized sequences. The $\lambda $-sum of the family $(E_{i})_{i\in I}$ of spaces is \[ \lambda \lbrace (E_{i})_{i\in I}\rbrace :=\lbrace (x_{i})_{i\in I},x_{i}\in E_{i}, \quad \text{and}\quad (\Vert x_{i}\Vert )_{i\in I}\in \lambda \rbrace}. \] Starting from the topology on $\lambda $ and the norm topology on each $E_i,$ a natural topology on $\lambda \lbrace (E_i)_{i\in I}\rbrace $ can be defined. We give conditions for $\lambda \lbrace (E_i)_{i\in I}\rbrace $ to be quasi-barrelled, barrelled or locally complete.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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