This paper focuses on two types of late medieval judicial monuments which were occasionally given sophisticated microarchitectural forms - the so-called poor sinners' cross or confessional cross (literal translations of the German terms Armsünderkreuz and Beichtenmarter), and the pillory. The essay has two aims: First, to stimulate a discussion about the ways in which such works of microarchitecture accentuated and structured the performance of civic rituals; and second, to contribute to a recent debate that investigates the entanglement of late medieval urban enactments of criminal punishment with contemporary pictorial and liturgical enactments of the historical Passion narrative. The following monuments are analyzed within their respective judicial and ritual contexts: The Spinnerin am Kreuz in Vienna (1451-1452), the Zderad Column in Brno (dated variously between the late 14th century and the 1470s), and the pillories of Wrocław (1492), Schwäbisch Hall in Swabia (1509) and Kasteelbrakel / Braine-le-Château in southern Belgium (1521). Placed both at the periphery and at the center of the late medieval city, these structures left a characteristic and potent signature on people's everyday environment. By projecting microarchitecture, images and narratives onto a piece of geography, they invested a place with meanings that had little to do with its actual form. Topographic features such as market squares, roads, and fields were thus mnemonically marked as places where justice has been done, or will be done, as places of social cleansing, expulsion and re-entry. Where Passion imagery or quasi-liturgical types of microarchitecture provided a visual and semantic backdrop to the discourse of criminal justice, these places furthermore reverberated with the collective or individual memory of the events of Golgotha, and, at least in theory, transformed themselves into moralizing stages on which the delinquent could be seen to experience his own physical or social extinction. and Tento článek se soustřeďuje na dva typy pozdně gotických památek, na tzv. smírčí kříž nebo zpovědní kříž (doslovný překlad německých názvů Armsünderkreuz a Beichtenmarter) a pranýř, které se ve středověku užívaly při soudních exekucích. Práce má dva cíle: za prvé podnítit diskusi o způsobech, jakými tato drobná kamenná architektonická díla zvýrazňovala a strukturovala výkon civilních rituálů, a za druhé přispět k současné debatě, jež zkoumá propojení pozdně středověkých městských právních předpisů pro trestání zločinů s dobovými obrazovými a liturgickými předpisy pro historický příběh pašijí. V individuálních justičních a rituálních kontextech jsou analyzovány následující památky: Spinnerin am Kreuz ve Vídni (1451-1452), Zderadův sloup v Brně (datován různě mezi konec 14. století a sedmdesátá léta 15. století) a pranýře z Vratislavi (1492), Schwäbisch Hallu ve Švábsku (1509) a Kasteelbrakelu / Braine-le-Château v jižní Belgii (1521). Tyto stavby, umístěné jak na okraji, tak i v centru pozdně středověkých měst, zanechaly charakteristickou a výraznou stopu v každodenním lidovém prostředí. Drobná architektura, obrazy a příběhy obdařily městské scenérie významy, které měly málo společného s jejich dosavadní podobou. Topografické prvky jako tržiště, cesty a pole byly takto mnemotechnicky označeny jako místa, kde se vykonává nebo bude vykonávat právo, jako místa společenského očištění, vykázání a opětovného návratu. Tam, kde zobrazení pašijí nebo kvaziliturgické typy drobné architektury poskytovaly vizuální a sémantický horizont pro diskurs trestního práva, ozývala se kromě toho tato místa také jako kolektivní nebo individuální památka událostí na Golgotě a alespoň teoreticky se proměňovala v moralizující jeviště, na nichž provinilec mohl být spatřen, jak prožívá svůj vlastní fyzický nebo společenský zánik.
The effects of foliar spray of putrescine (Put; 8 mM) on chlorophyll (Chl) metabolism and xanthophyll cycle in cucumber seedlings were investigated under saline conditions of 75 mM NaCl. Exogenous Put promoted the conversion of uroporhyrinogen III to protoporphyrin IX and alleviated decreases in Chl contents and in a size of the xanthophyll cycle pool under salt stress. Moreover, the Put treatment reduced the activities of uroporphyrinogen III synthase, chlorophyllase, and Mg-dechelatase and downregulated the transcriptional levels of glutamyl-tRNA reductase, 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase, uroporphyrinogen III synthase, uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase, and chlorophyllide a oxygenase, but significantly increased the expression levels of non-yellow coloring 1-like, pheide a oxygenase, red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, and violaxanthin de-epoxidase. Taken together, these results suggest that Put might improve Chl metabolism and xanthophyll cycle by regulating enzyme activities and mRNA transcription levels in a way that improved the salt tolerance of cucumber plants., R. N. Yuan, S. Shu, S. R. Guo, J. Sun, J. Q. Wu., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The paper presents a method for measuring relative displacements of rock blocks on the basis of recorded images of prototype plate targets measurement. The developed measuring targets, after deposition on the surveyed object (for example rock blocks) act as control points, which represent the behavior of the object over time. Two types of targets ware constructed: passive (appropriately chosen figure) and active (respectively arranged fiber targets). The paper presents preliminary results of work in the laboratory using a calibrated semi-metric camera (Canon D5 Mark II - SLR camera with a CMOS 21 million pixels sensor), two passive targets, geodetic engineering tripod, micrometric simulator of shifts and Leica TC1800 total station. During the experimental work one of the targets was set on a tripod, and the other placed on the total station telescope set on the observation pillar. While taking a series of images the first target was fixed, while the other was moved and rotated. The displacements were made with a micrometric table in two mutually perpendicular directions XY in the horizontal plane, and by simulated rotation of the horizontal wheel and vertical wheel of the total station (rotation of the instrument by the adjusting screws). Using the principles of close-range mono-photogra mmetry from automatic measurement of the recorded images of both plate targets, the values of displacements and rotations were compared with the references., Piotr Gołuch, Kazimierz Ćmielewski, Janusz Kuchmistera and Krzysztof Kowalski., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Physiological traits, which are positively associated with yield under salt-stress conditions, can be useful selection criteria in screening for salt tolerance. We examined whether chlorophyll (Chl) content can be used as screening criterion in wheat. Our study involved 5 wheat genotypes under both saline and nonsaline field conditions as well as in a sand-culture experiment. Salt stress reduced significantly biomass, grain yield, total Chl and both Chl a and b in all genotypes. In the sand-culture experiment, Chl accumulation was higher in PF70354/BOW, Ghods, and H499.71A/JUP genotypes at nonsaline control, moderate, and high salt concentrations, respectively. In the field experiment, genotype H499.71A/JUP belonged to those with the highest Chl density. The SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) meter readings were linearly related to Chl content both in the sand-culture and in the field experiment. However, salt stress affected the calibration of SPAD meter. Therefore, separate Chl-SPAD equations were suggested for saline and nonsaline conditions. The correlation coefficients between the grain yield and SPAD were positive and significant both in the sand culture and in the field experiment. These findings suggested that SPAD readings could be used as a tool for rapid assessment of relative Chl content in wheat genotypes. It could be used for the indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes of wheat under saline condition in sand-culture and field experiments., A. Kiani-Pouya, F. Rasouli., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is the result of interaction between a chronic hemodynamic overload and non-hemodynamic factors. There are several lines of evidence presented in this work suggesting that nitric oxide (NO) may participate in the hypertrophic growth of the myocardium. First, endothelial NO production was shown to be decreased in several types of hemodynamically overloaded circulation both in animals and humans. Second, compounds stimulating NO production were able to diminish the extent or modify the nature of LVH in some models of myocardial hypertrophic growth. Third, arterial hypertension can be induced by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity. This NO-deficient hypertension is associated with the development of concentric LVH, myocardial fibrosis and protein remodeling of the left ventricle. The mechanism of LVH development in NO-deficient hypertension is complex and involves decreased NO production and increased activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Cardiovascular protection via ACE inhibition in NO-deficient hypertension may be induced by mechanisms not involving an improvement of NO production. In conclusion, the hypertrophic growth of the LV appears to be the result of interaction of vasoconstrictive and growth stimulating effects of angiotensin II on the one hand and of vasodilating and antiproliferative effects of nitric oxide on the other., F. Šimko, J. Šimko., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The operating mode of a gas turbine depends not only upon the intake air parameters but also upon a degree of regeneration. The paper analyses the effect of a regeneration degree on the operation of a considered GT 750-6 gas turbine using a special software developed for this purpose. Based on case calculations, the effect of a degree of regeneration on the specific power and thernal efficiency of the actual GT 750-6 gas turbine is quantified. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Prediktivní vliv sebelitování na sebeznevýhodňování u tureckých univerzitních studentů Východiska. V rostoucím počtu výzkumů bylo zjištěno, že větší sebelitování je spojeno s větší psychologickou a kognitivní pohodou. Lze předpokládat, že sebelitování může hrát důležitou roli v sebeznevýhodňování, přičemž různé dimenze sebelitování mohou hrát různé role. Nicméně žádný výzkum zatím nezkoumal možné souvislosti mezi těmito proměnnými. Cíl. Cílem výzkumu bylo prozkoumat vztah mezi sebelitováním a sebeznevýhodňováním. Účastníci. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo 408 univerzitních studentů, 201 (49%) žen a 207 (51%) mužů), studujících různé obory v pregraduálních programech na pedagogické fakultě univerzity Sakarya v Turecku. Metoda. Jako míry byly použity škály sebelitování a sebeznevýhodňování. Vztahy mezi sebelitováním a sebeznevýhodňováním byly zjišťovány korelační analýzou a mnohonásobnou regresní analýzou. Výsledky. Korelační analýza poukázala na negativní vztah faktorů sebelitování: laskavost k sobě, běžná lidskost a dbalost a pozitivní vztah faktorů sebelitování: sebeposouzení, izolace a přehnaná identifikace, k sebeznevýhodňování. Podle výsledků regresní analýzy bylo sebeznevýhodňování pozitivně predikováno sebeposouzením, izolací a přehnanou identifikací. Běžná lidskost negativně predikovala sebeznevýhodňování. Sebelitování vysvětlilo 51% rozptylu sebe znevýhodňování. Omezení. Získané výsledky by neměly být zobecňovány jak na univerzitní studenty, tak na jiné studentské populace, protože data byla sbírána pouze na univerzitě Sakarya v Turecku. Data o sebelitování a sebeznevýhodňování jsou omezena na subjektivní výpovědi a nevyužívala kvalitativní míry těchto proměnných., Background. A growing body of research has found that higher self-compassion is associated with greater psychological and cognitive well-being. Therefore self-compassion can be considered as playing an important role on selfhandicapping, while different dimensions of self-compassion may play different roles. However there is no research that investigated the possible links between these variables. Purpose. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between self-compassion and self-handicapping. Participants. Participants were 408 university students – 201 (49%) were female and 207 (51%) were male – who enrolled in various undergraduate programs at Sakarya University Faculty of Education, Turkey. Method. The Self-compassion Scale and the Self-handicapping Scale were used as measures. The relationships between self-compassion and self-handicapping were examined using correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Results. In correlation analysis, self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness factors of self-compassion were found negatively and selfjudgment, isolation, and over-identification factors of self-compassion were found positively related to self-handicapping. According to regression results, self-handicapping was predicted positively by self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification. Further common humanity predicted self-handicapping in a negative way. Self-compassion has explained 51% of the variance in self-handicapping. Limitations. The results obtained in this study should not be generalized either to all university students or to other student populations, since the data were collected at just one campus in Sakarya University, Turkey. Also the data reported here for self-compassion and self-handicapping are limited to self-reported data and did not use a qualitative measure of these variables., Ümran Akin, Ahmet Akin., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In the seventies, astronomers from some European socialist countries, participating in the multilateral cooperation of the academies of these states, decided to collaborate in the detailed astrometric, photometric and spectrometri investigation of open star clusters. Hungarian scientists were expected to carry out tthe multicolour photometry of cluster member stars (at least to a certain extent). Considering that the majority of the programme stars are far too dim to be measured by the moderate-sized photoelectric telescopes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and that incividual photoelectric photometry of cluster members would be extremely time-consuming, photographic UBV photometry was chosen as the most advantageous solution. The first steps in this task have been taken - more than 200 plates were collected in these spectral bands - and a short review is presented on the observations in order to inform out cooperating partners. At the same time, a proposal is made with a view to supplementing the list of jointly studied open clusters and information is requested from our collaborators on cluster membership probabilities and spectre of stars in order to take the preliminary steps in laboratory measurements.
A total of 7210 unfed adult Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930 and I. ricinus (L., 1758) ticks were collected from the vegetation by flagging in 35 study sites located in the zone of their sympatry (mainly in Leningrad region, Russia). Borrelia infection in ticks was estimated by the dark-field microscopic analysis of gut contents in standard vital preparations at a magnification of ×600. No correlation was revealed between the series of parameters characterising the abundance of each tick species (τ = -0.13) and between the series of these parameters and the prevalence of Borrelia in each vector. It is concluded that in the broad zone of I. persulcatus and I. ricinus sympatry, the presence and proportion of one vector in the ecosystem does not have any significant effect on the extensity of infection and on the epizootic and epidemic significance of the other vector. Each tick species has its independent (of the other species) and relatively original functional role in the focal ecosystem.