To reveal and evaluate the mechanism of transforming rainfall into runoff in the region, where the subsurface flow plays a dominant role in the runoff formation, a continuous hydrological and climatic data monitoring has been set-up in the experimental catchment Uhlířská (the Jizera Mountains, CR). The soil profile (Dystric Cambisol), formed on the weathered granite bedrock, is shallow and highly heterogeneous. Beside a standard catchment data observation a hillslope transect was instrumented to control the flow dynamics in the soil profile. From three soil horizons, the subsurface outflow is recorded in the subsurface trench. Adjacent to the trench the soil water suction is scanned by triplets of automatic tensiometers. Within the soil profile the unsaturated regime prevails, nevertheless the soil keeps almost saturated. Nearly simultaneous reaction of suction on a rainfall in all soil horizons implies a rapid vertical flow. Local preferential flow paths are conducting infiltrating water at significantly variable rates when saturation is reached. Groundwater table, soil moisture and subsurface runoff measured at the hillslope transect and the total outflow from the catchment, are correlated. The outflow from the catchment is dominantly controlled by soil moisture however the mechanism of its generation is not yet fully understood. and V oblasti s dominantním podpovrchovým odtokem bylo započato s kontinuálním hydrologickým a klimatickým monitoringem s cílem popsat a vyhodnotit transformaci srážky na odtok. Experimentální povodí Uhlířská se nachází v severní části České republiky v Jizerských horách. Půdní profil, klasifikovaný jako dystrická kambizem na zvětralém žulovém podloží, je mělký a velmi heterogenní. Svahový transekt byl vystrojen pro sledování dynamiky podpovrchového odtoku. Ve třech půdních horizontech je monitorován odtok a půdní sací tlak. V půdním profilu převládá nenasycený stav, ačkoliv je půdní vlhkost dlouhodobě blízko nasycení. Rychlé vertikální proudění je indikováno téměř současnou odezvou půdního sacího tlaku na srážku ve všech půdních horizontech. Po dosažení nasycení infiltrující voda protéká preferenčními cestami s výrazně odlišnými lokálními rychlostmi. Závislost hladiny podzemní vody, půdní vlhkosti, podpovrchového odtoku ve svahovém transektu na odtoku z povodí je významná. Odtok vody z povodí, které leží na zvětralém žulovém podloží, je dominantně určován půdní vlhkostí. Přes tato zjištění není mechanismus tvorby odtoku zatím jednoznačně popsatelný.
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NIH strain) harbor a deletion variant in the Cd36 fatty acid transporter and display defective fatty acid metabolism, insulin resistance and hypertension. Transgenic rescue of Cd36 in SHR ameliorates insulin resistance and improves dyslipidemia. However, the role of Cd36 in blood pressure regulation remains controversial due to inconsistent blood pressure effects that were observed with transgenic expression of Cd36 on the SHR background. In the current studies, we developed two new SHR transgenic lines, which express wild type Cd36 under the control of the universal Ef-1 promoter, and examined the effects of transgenic expression of wild type Cd36 on selected metabolic and cardiovascular phenotypes. Transgenic expression of Cd36 in the new lines was associated with significantly decreased serum fatty acids, amelioration of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance but failed to induce any consistent changes in blood pressure as measured by radiotelemetry. The current findings confirm the genetic association of defective Cd36 with disordered insulin action and fatty acid metabolism in the SHR/NIH strain and suggest that Cd36 is linked to other gene(s) on rat chromosome 4 that regulate blood pressure., M. Pravenec, V. Landa, V. Zídek, A. Musilová, L. Kazdová, N. Qi, J. Wang, E. St.Lezin, T. W. Kurtz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) is the major enzyme responsible for retinol esterification in the mammalian body. LRAT exhibits specific activity in the cells with active retinol metabolism where it converts retinols into retinyl esters, which represents the major storage form of retinol. Besides hepatic stellate cells in the liver, LRAT appears to have a key physiologic role in several other tissues. In this study, we generated a transgenic reporter mouse expressing green fluorescence protein (EGFP) under the control of region containing -1166 bps from promoter upstream from the putative transcriptional start site and 262 bps downstream of this start. Transgenic reporter mice exhibited specific expression in eyes and testes. In eyes, expression of EGFP-reporter is found in lens and lens epithelium and fibers from embryo to adulthood. In testes, LRAT-EGFP reporter is expressed both in Sertoli and in spermatocytes marking initiation of spermatogenesis in prepubertal mice. Our data show that the examined LRAT regulatory region is sufficient to achieve strong and selective expression in the eye and testes but not in liver and other organs., D. Prukova, Z. Ileninova, B. Antosova, P. Kasparek, M. Gregor, R. Sedlacek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
RNA gel hybridization showed that the expression of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) in the wild type (WT) tomato was decreased firstly and then increased under salt- and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress, and the maximum level was observed after treatment for 12 h. WT, sense transgenic and antisense transgenic tomato plants were used to analyze the antioxidative ability to cope with osmotic stresses. After salt stress, the fresh mass (FM) and height of sense transgenic lines were greater than those of antisense lines and WT plants. Under salt and PEG treatments, sense transgenic plants showed a lower level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), a higher net photosynthetic rate (PN), and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) compared with WT and antisense transgenic plants. Moreover, sense lines maintained higher ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity than WT and antisense plants under salt- and PEG-induced osmotic stress. These results indicate that chloroplastic MDHAR plays an important role in alleviating photoinhibition of PSII by elevating ascorbate (AsA) level under salt- and PEG-induced osmotic stress., F. Li ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aim of the paper is to present transient calculations of an elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) point contact. The paper focuses on the description of the numerical algorithm used to model non-smooth contacts with surface feature on one of the contacting bodies. Results of film thickness and pressure distributions of a selected surface feaure are presented. Simulations were performed and compared for two different rheology approaches (Newtonian, resp. non-Newtonian). and Obsahuje seznam literatury
By an analysis of the Brock’s model tests (Brock, 1969) conditions for forming of roll-waves are determined together with experimental equations of their parameters in relation to the channel inflow wave (Kunštátský, Maleňák, Pejchal, 1967; Kybast, 2002), aeration of flow (Douma, 1943; Haindl, Lískovec, 1973), channel slope and roughness along the whole range of the water flows. Calculations of lower and upper flow roll-waves discharge, depths, velocities, time periods, wave distances and volumes are presented. and Rozborem Brockových modelových zkoušek (Brock, 1969) jsou určeny podmínky tvoření translačních vln a experimentální rovnice jejich parametrů v souvislosti s rázovou vlnou napouštění koryta (Kunštátský, Maleňák, Pejchal, 1967; Kybast, 2002), s provzdušněním proudu (Douma, 1943; Haindl, Lískovec, 1973), sklonem koryta a s jeho drsností v celém rozsahu tohoto proudění vody. Předložen je výpočet dolního proudu a horního proudu s translačními vlnami, jejich průtoků, hloubek a výšek, rychlostí, časových period, vzdáleností a objemů vln.
At various intervals after inoculation of the roots of groundnut plants with the fungus Macrophomina phaseoli, 14CO2 was administered to branch 2 (from the base) of the plants in the light. The effects of the disease on the translocation of 14C-photosynthates out of the source branch to the rest of the plant were studied 24 h after labelling. As the plant aged and the disease symptom development became more evident, an increasing percentage of the fixed 14C-photosynthates was exported from branch 2 of the inoculated plants (IP) compared to the non-inoculated plants (NIP). The apex, main stem, and branch 1 of NIP imported more of the total fixed 14C throughout the developmental stages of the plant except for day 10 after inoculation when branch 1 of IP imported almost 76 % of the total fixed 14C. The roots of IP were the major sink and imported higher percent of the total fixed 14C than the roots of NIP.
This paper deals with an effect of a chemical processing and an exposure time to the diffraction efficiency and the signal/noise ratio of diffraction gratings made on silver-halide emulsions Agfa Gevaert. The results of measurements on gratings treated by 14 different chemical processes are presented. and Práce se zabývá vlivem chemického zpracování a osvitu na difrakční účinnost a poměr šumu k signálu u difrakčních mřížek zhotovených do halogeno-stříbrných emulzí Agfa Gevaert. Jsou zde zpracovány výsledky měření na mřížkách zpracovaných 14 různými chemickými procesy.
In the adult fish trematode Crepidostomum metoecus (Braun, 1900), four types of sensory receptors were observed inside the forebody tegument and one type beneath the tegument basal lamina. Two types of sensory receptors extend through the thickness of tegument and have a free cilium inside a pit (types I and II). Two types (III and IV) are nonciliate and entirely intra-tegumental in location. Type IV receptor with large horizontal and thin vertical rootlets was described earlier in aspidogastreans only. Below the basal lamina, nerve endings in close association with muscle fibres, comparable with those in the Aspidogastrea, were detected.